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In order to optimize the management decision-making scheme for high and stable yield of spring wheat and efficient utilization of water and nitrogen resources under different precipitation year types, the key parameters for wheat growth and development in the APSIM-wheat model based on the experimental data of spring wheat (Neimai 19) at the Shangkulini Farm Experimental Station and the Labudalin Farm Experimental Station in Eerguna City of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region from 2009 to 2012 were determined. Using the calibrated APSIM-wheat model, the growth and development process of spring wheat under rain-fed conditions from 1967 to 2017 was simulated and analyzed. Three precipitation types (dry, normal, and wet) were identified based on precipitation, and the optimal water management periods were determined using the soil water deficit on photosynthesis (SWDef). Scenario models were designed with eight irrigation gradients (15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180mm) and thirteen N fertilization gradients (30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240, 270, and 300 kg·hm-2), and combined with key indicators for water and nitrogen management decision-making (water use efficiency, nitrogen use efficiency, and yield), the optimal water and nitrogen management modes for spring wheat under different precipitation types were explored. The results showed that: (1)The root mean square error (RMSE) of the simulated values of the spring wheat development stage module (emergence, heading, and maturation) in the calibrated APSIM-wheat model ranged from 1.17 to 3.64 days, and the normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) ranged from 0.82% to 1.90%. The RMSE and NRMSE between the simulated and observed values of the yield module were 371.50 kg·hm-2 and 8.54%, respectively, indicating that the APSIM-wheat model can well reflect the dynamic growth and development process of wheat under different precipitation types. (2)The SWDef during spring wheat tillering stage to jointing stage, jointing stage to heading stage, and heading stage to anthesis stages under rain-fed conditions were relatively lower, and under the premise of only one irrigation during the growth stage, irrigation during the jointing stage could alleviate drought stress and significantly improve yield. (3)The optimal water and nitrogen management modes during the jointing stage for spring wheat under wet, normal, and dry precipitation types were irrigation of 60 mm and N fertilization of 105 kg·hm-2, irrigation of 60 mm and N fertilization of 120 kg·hm-2, and irrigation of 30 mm and N fertilization of 150 kg·hm-2, respectively. The corresponding yields were 4 810.96±551.43 kg·hm-2, 5 378.06±768.86 kg·hm-2, and 6 421.33±454.09 kg·hm-2.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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