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Nine different winter and spring wheats (from China and Kazakhstan) were used as materials, the effects of autumn sowing at different periods［13 days ahead of sowing date (S1), normal sowing date (S2) and sowing date delay 13 days (S3)］ on the differentiation process, yield, and quality were investigated to provide references for wheat production regulation and introduction. The results showed on the same sowing date, the young spikes differentiation progress of spring wheat was faster than that of winter wheat. Young spike of winter wheat from Kazakhstan had faster differentiation progress than that from China, but the slower progress was found for spring wheat from Kazakhstan, comparing with Chinese spring wheat. With the delay of sowing date, the development time of winter and spring wheat spike was shortened. Under S1, S2 and S3 conditions, the young spike development of spring wheat from Kazakhstan was slower than that of Chinese spring wheat. Under S1 and S2 conditions, an obviously longer duration of single and double ridge stage was found for spike of spring wheat from Kazakhstan, comparing to that from China. Under S3 conditions, winter wheat from China had the shortest duration of the single ridge stage, while from Kazakhstan had the shortest duration of the single and double ridge stage. The response of grain yield and its components of winter and spring wheat to sowing date were also different. With the sowing date delayed, spikes number, kernels number per spike, thousand-kernel weight and grain yield of winter wheat were reduced, while spring wheat had a reduced spikes number, an increased thousand-kernel weight and grain yield. The change of sowing date had some effect on the grain protein and wet gluten content. With the delay of sowing date, grain protein and wet gluten content of Chinese winter wheat were reduced, but an opposite trend was found for wheat from Kazakhstan. For pasting properties, Chinese winter wheat had a reduced peak viscosity and breakdown, and an increased final viscosity with delayed sowing, while for winter wheat from Kazakhstan, peak viscosity and holding viscosity was initially decreased and then increased, and final viscosity and setback were increased. With the dalaying sowing date delayed, except for breakdown, pasting properties value of spring wheat showed an increasing trend. The breakdown of Chinese spring wheat was decreased, but an increased in breakdown was found for spring wheat from Kazakhstan. Yield and quality of different winter and spring wheat could be improved by appropriately adjusting sowing date. The results indicate early sowing could improve yield and gelatinization quality of winter wheat, and promote the protein accumulation of domestic winter wheat, while delay sowing time could obviously shorten the development time of young Spike, and improve the yield and gelatinization quality of spring wheat, conducing to protein accumulation of winter wheat in Kazakhstan. Thus, suitable sowing is beneficial to young spike development, yield and quality improvement of different winter and spring wheat.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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