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To clarify the effects of crop stubble and fertilizer application on wheat yield and quality, field experiments were conducted with three crop stubble types of maize-soybean intercropping (MS), maize monoculture (M), and soybean monoculture (S), as well as three fertilization levels: no fertilization (NF), 20% reduced fertilization (RF), and conventional fertilization (CF). The differences in wheat yield and quality under different treatments were analyzed. The results showed that fertilization significantly increased wheat yield, with the MRF treatment having the highest yield of 6 322.82 kg·hm-2, which was not significantly different from the SRF treatment (5 860.32 kg·hm-2), and increased by 190.7% and 105.1% respectively compared to the unfertilized treatment for the two crops. At the same fertilization level, the yield of monoculture crop was generally higher than that of intercropping crop, and the yield of SNF treatment was 61.37% higher than that of MSNF treatment. In terms of yield components, the number of spikes was significantly affected by the interaction between crop stubble and fertilization. The number of spikes in monoculture crop stubble was higher than that in intercropping crop stubble, and the number of grains per spike was only significantly regulated by fertilization. The number of grains per spike in RF was generally higher than that in CF. MRF treatment showed the best performance in grain morphology traits such as grain length and width, but there was no significant difference compared to SRF treatment. In terms of nutritional quality, fertilization significantly improved the protein and wet gluten content of grains. Under fertilization conditions, the protein content of grains from MS, M, S crops increased by 3.69-4.88, 2.21-2.26 and 3.83-3.93 percentage points, respectively, compared to no fertilization. The wet gluten content increased by 10.23-12.58, 5.64-5.69 and 9.09-9.53 percentage points, respectively. The gelatinization characteristics are synergistically regulated by crop stubble and fertilization, and the gelatinization index of RF is the best. Among them, the peak viscosity (1 338.33 cP) and final viscosity (1 633.33 cP) of SRF treatment are significantly increased by 14.6% and 4.8%, respectively compared to SCF treatment. In terms of rheological properties, intercropping has a significant advantage, with MSRF treatment having longer stability time (2.30 min) and higher quality index (45.55) than other combinations. However, the water absorption rate of soybean stubble (59.00%-61.30%) was not significantly different from that of maize crop. Under the present experimental conditions, soybean monoculture with a 20% reduction in fertilization can achieve high wheat yield, ensuring grain protein and wet gluten content, and optimizing flour gelatinization characteristics, which is the optimal cultivation combination for green, high-yield, and high-quality wheat production.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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