High mobility group (HMG) proteins are key regulators of chromatin dynamics in eukaryotes. To investigate the dynamic responses of the wheat HMG family to drought and phosphate starvation, a genome-wide identification of the TaHMG genes was performed based on the common wheat reference genome (IWGSC Ref Seq V1.0). Bioinformatic analyses were conducted to determine the physicochemical properties, phylogeny, collinearity, and promoter cis-elements of the family members. Public transcriptome data and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) were integrated to examine tissue-specific expression patterns and temporal expression profiles under drought stress (15% PEG6000; 0, 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 h) and phosphate starvation (0 μmol·L^-1 Pi; 0, 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 h). A total of 32 TaHMG genes were identified, which were phylogenetically divided into two subfamilies: HMGA (9 members) and HMGB (23 members). Collinearity analysis indicated that the family evolved predominantly under purifying selection. Promoter analysis revealed that TaHMG genes are enriched in hormone and stress-responsive elements, including abscisic acid (ABRE) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA)-responsive motifs. qRT-PCR showed that Ta-6D-HMGB1, Ta-3D-HMGB1 and Ta-7D-HMGB2 were highly expressed in leaves, whereas Ta-2D-HMGB1, Ta-5A-HMGB1, and Ta-7D-HMGB1 were highly expressed in stems. Under drought stress, five TaHMG genes were rapidly induced at early stage (3 or 6 h), while Ta-7D-HMGB2 was initially suppressed (0-3 h) and subsequently up-regulated (6 h). Under phosphate starvation, expression peaks of different members occurred at 12 or 24 h post treatment, revealing temporal specificity and functional divergence among genes. Collectively, members of the wheat HMG family adapt to abiotic stresses through differential expression, and stress-responsive genes such as Ta-7D-HMG2 and Ta-3D-HMGB1 represent promising candidates for molecular breeding of stress tolerance.