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To clarify the current status of winter wheat fertilization in the winter wheat-summer maize rotation area in North China, a survey on farmers' nutrient management was conducted in winter wheat planting areas in Henan, Hebei, and Shandong provinces from 2022 to 2024. The application of chemical nutrients and organic fertilizers by farmers was analyzed, and the rationality of farmers' fertilization was evaluated based on the recommended fertilization rates corresponding to different yield levels in the region and historical literature. The results showed that the average yield of winter wheat in North China was 7 947.6 kg·hm-2, with a yield gap of 2 529.7 kg·hm-2. The average application rates of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P2O5), and potassium (K2O) fertilizers and total nutrients were 218.8 kg·hm-2, 127.0 kg·hm-2, 63.0 kg·hm-2, and 408.8 kg·hm-2, respectively. Among the surveyed farmers, 15.7%, 58.7%, and 25.7% of farmers applied insufficient, appropriate, and excessive nitrogen, respectively; 12.9%, 47.7%, and 39.4% applied insufficient, appropriate, and excessive phosphorus, respectively; and 37.5%, 33.9%, and 28.6% applied insufficient, appropriate, and excessive potassium, respectively. The average proportion of farmers applying organic fertilizers in winter wheat cultivation was 30.4%, among which the proportion of farmers applying commercial organic fertilizers was 10.0%, with an application rate of 1.5 t·hm-2; the average input proportion of farmyard manure (including manure and straw) was 23.0%, with an input rate of 11.8 t·hm-2. The average yield of winter wheat in the winter wheat-summer maize rotation area in North China achieved 75.9% of the yield potential, indicating significant potential for further yield improvement. The main issue with nitrogen fertilizer application was over-application, but for high-yielding farmers who were also nitrogen-deficient. The main problem with phosphorus fertilizer application was over-application by farmers of all yield levels. The main issue with potassium fertilizer application was over-application by medium and low-yielding farmers and under-application by high-yielding farmers. Overall, potassium application was insufficient. The proportion of organic fertilizers applied by farmers was relatively low. Targeted scientific fertilization technology promotion should be carried out based on the characteristics of different yield levels and the current application status of the three nutrients.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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