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To provide theoretical basis and technical support for the promotion and application of new types of urea fertilizer, field experiments were conducted in Xuchang City, Henan Province from 2024 to 2025. Under the same nitrogen application rate (210 kg·hm-2), five urea treatments were set up: ordinary urea (T1), humic acid urea (T2), controlled release urea (T3), stable urea (T4), and coated urea (T5). The effects of different new urea applications on winter wheat grain yield, quality, plant canopy temperature, chlorophyll, enzyme activity, nitrogen absorption and utilization, and soil available nitrogen spatial distribution were analyzed with no nitrogen application as the control (CK). The results showed that the application of the new urea types significantly improved the yield and quality of winter wheat, with T3 treatment showing the best effect. The grain yield, starch content, soluble sugar content, and protein content under T3 treatment significant increased by 2.90%, 29.64%, 34.38% and 18.45%, respectively, compared to T1 treatment. The chlorophyll content and activities of glutamate synthase, glutamine synthase, glutamate dehydrogenase, and nitrate reductase in wheat increased under T2-T5 treatment, but the average canopy temperature decreased, and T3 treatment showed better results. Compared with the T1 treatment, the apparent recovery efficiency of nitrogen, agronomic efficiency of nitrogen, and partial factor productivity of applied nitrogen under the T3 treatment increased by 27.01%, 2.88%, and 14.42%, respectively. In addition, T3 treatment effectively increased the available nitrogen content in the 0-100 cm soil, enhancing the soil inorganic nitrogen and absorption accumulation efficiency of winter wheat soil. The application effect of controlled release urea was the best in this experiment.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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