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To investigate the effects of different irrigation methods on the carbon balance of the wheat field ecosystem and to propose a water-saving, emission-reducing, and high-yield irrigation model suitable for wheat production in the North China Plain, three irrigation methods were set up: traditional surface irrigation (FI), alternate furrow irrigation (ABI), and micro-sprinkler irrigation (MSI), and three micro-sprinkler irrigation quotas of 20 mm (MSI20), 30 mm (MSI30), and 40 mm (MSI40) under the MSI conditions were set up to explore the impacts of different irrigation methods and micro-sprinkler irrigation quotas on soil respiration, net carbon value of the farmland ecosystem, and soil carbon emission efficiency in wheat fields. Compared with the FI treatment, the MSI treatments reduced soil respiration rate before heading stage but increased it during the grain-filling stage. The ABI treatment had a lower soil respiration rate due to the lower irrigation amount. The carbon emissions from irrigation power consumption accounted for 60.3% to 75.8% of the total carbon emissions from production materials of all treatments, being the main carbon source in irrigation agriculture inputs. Compared with the FI treatment, the average yields of the MSI20 and MSI30 treatments increased by 6.5% and 8.1%, respectively over the two years, and the net carbon value of the wheat field ecosystem was increased by 20.2% and 15.5%, respectively, and soil carbon emission efficiency was increased by 9.4% and 2.9% in 2022-2023, respectively. Although the ABI treatment achieved similar or even higher net carbon values of the wheat field ecosystem and soil carbon emission efficiency, its yield decreased by 5.1% to 9.8% when compared to that under FI treatment. Under micro-sprinkler irrigation conditions, the yield of winter wheat did not increase significantly with the increase of micro-sprinkler irrigation quota. Moreover, in the case of heavy rainfall during the middle of grain-filling stage, the yield, net carbon value of the wheat field ecosystem, and soil carbon emission efficiency with higher micro-sprinkler irrigation quota (MSI40 treatment in 2022-2023) were significantly reduced compared to other micro-sprinkler irrigation treatments. Under the conditions of this experiment, considering water conservation, emission reduction, yield, and environmental benefits, micro-sprinkler irrigation quotas of 20 mm is the best irrigation management model.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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