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The aleurone layer of blue-grained wheat is rich in anthocyanins, which offer numerous health benefits to humans. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying anthocyanin synthesis and regulation in the aleurone layer, this study compared the blue-grained wheat material E10-2B with its white-grained counterpart E10-2W using agronomic trait evaluation, molecular markers, liquid array technology, and transcriptome analysis. The results showed that compared to E10-2W, E10-2B exhibited a 15.31% reduction in plant height, indicating a dwarfing trait. However, its panicle length, 1 000-grain weight, and grain length decreased by 17.93%, 5.99%, and 4.40%, respectively. Molecular marker and liquid chip analyses revealed that E10-2B contains the complete genome of common wheat, along with the 4E chromosome from Thinopyrum ponticum. The grain color of E10-2B undergoes a transformation between 20 and 25 days post-anthesis, with 25 days post-anthesis identified as the critical time point for anthocyanin accumulation. Transcriptome sequencing analysis identified 748 and 5 246 differentially expressed genes at 20 and 25 days post-flowering, respectively. KEGG enrichment analysis indicated that the differentially expressed genes at 25 days post-flowering were significantly enriched in pathways related to phenylpropanoid, flavonoid, and anthocyanin biosynthesis, suggesting activation of the anthocyanin synthesis pathway at this stage. To further identify key genes in the anthocyanin synthesis pathway, we analyzed transcriptome data from the blue-grained wheat material Blue 1 and its white-grained control White 1, available in public databases. Comparative analysis focused on the expression patterns of anthocyanin synthesis-related genes in the two blue-grained materials (E10-2B and Blue 1). A total of 77 and 21 up-regulated anthocyanin synthesis-related genes were identified in E10-2B and Blue 1, respectively, including chalcone synthase (CHS), flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H), and MYB transcription factors. Notably, 15 genes showed shared up-regulation in both blue-grained materials, accounting for 19.48% of the up-regulated genes in E10-2B. Among these, three flavonoid 3′,5′-hydroxylase genes (F3′5′H) and three flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase genes (UFGT) exhibited high expression levels in both materials. These co-upregulated genes likely play a pivotal role in the differential anthocyanin accumulation between blue and white wheat.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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