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In order to clarify the current resistance status of Lolium multiflorum to the herbicides of acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACCase) and acetolactate synthase (ALS), a total of 50 populations were collected in the severe area of L. multiflorum in Zhumadian City, Henan Province and the resistance levels to pinoxaden, clodinafop-propargyl and pyroxsulam were determined by the whole-plant bioassay method. In addition, isoproturon, diflufenican, flufenacet, pyroxasulfone, diflufenican+isoproturon, and pyroxsulam were selected for bioactivity determination, and field efficacy evaluation were conducted with pyroxasulfone, flufenacet, and pyroxsulam mixed with diflufenican+isoproturon. The results showed that eight populations of L. multiflorum had high resistance to pinoxaden. The GR50 (herbicide dose causing growth reduction of fresh weight by 50%) values ranged from 146.67 g (a.i.)·hm-2 456.15 g (a.i.)·hm-2, and the resistance index (RI) ranged from 10.68 to 33.20, accounting for 16% of the tested populations. Thirty-one populations showed high level resistance to clodinafop-propargyl, with GR50 ranging from 101.82 g (a.i.)·hm-2 446.40 g (a.i.)·hm-2, and RI ranging from 10.36 to 45.41; sixteen populations had high level resistance to pyroxsulam, accounting for 32% of the total. In the bioactivity assays, except for diflufenican and pyroxsulam, the other herbicides (isoproturon, flufenacet, pyroxasulfone, diflufenican+isoproturon) showed high activity against the SC-3 population (the highest level of resistance population), with GR90 values of 1 089.36, 144.43, 51.42 and 568.69 g (a.i.)·hm-2, respectively. Field efficacy results indicated that the mixture of pyroxasulfone and diflufenican+isoproturon provided good control of L. multiflorum at the supplied dose, with fresh weight control efficacy ranging from 94.27% to 100%, and safe to wheat. Therefore, the mixture of pyroxasulfone and diflufenican+isoproturon can be used to control the serious occurrence of L. multiflorum in wheat fields.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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