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To explore the effects of biochar application rates under rotary tillage and deep loosening conditions on winter wheat yield and carbon and nitrogen status in soil, a two-factor randomized block experiment was set up by establishing two tillage methods (rotary tillage and deep loosening) and three biochar application rates of 0, 4.5, and 9 t·hm-2. The differences in winter wheat yield and soil carbon and nitrogen were comparatively analyzed among different treatments. The results indicated that both tillage method and biochar application rate had significant impact on soil nitrate nitrogen residue, total carbon, total nitrogen, and microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen content in wheat field. The interaction between the two factors reached significant levels for soil total nitrogen and microbial carbon in both 2022 and 2023. In the 0-20 cm soil layer, compared to rotary tillage, deep loosening increased soil total carbon content and total nitrogen content by 13.9% and 29.5%, respectively. Additionally, deep loosening promoted the microbial carbon and nitrogen content in the 20-30 cm soil layer, leading to a significant decrease in soil nitrate nitrogen residue by 8.5%. Compared to no biochar application, the application of biochar had a promoting effect on the microbial carbon and nitrogen content in the 0-30 cm soil layer. It also reduced soil nitrate nitrogen residue in the 0-50 cm soil layer, with total carbon and total nitrogen content increased by 22.4% and 6.7%, respectively. In 2022 and 2023, winter wheat yield significantly increased under deep loosening compared to that under rotary tillage, with increase rate of 15.8% and 12.0%, respectively. Among them, the deep loosening with 9 t hm-2 biochar application had the highest yield. Comprehensive analysis indicated that deep loosening combined with 9 t·hm-2 biochar had the best effect, serving as a cultivation and biochar application combination for high yield and improved soil fertility, which is suitable for application and promotion.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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