Full
Outline
To address the problems of insufficient opening force and excessive leakage in external spiral‑groove mechanical seals under high‑parameter operating conditions，a three‑dimensional flow‑field model of the end‑face liquid film was established.Computational fluid dynamics （CFD） simulations were combined with experimental testing to systematically investigate the coupled influence mechanisms of structural and operating parameters on the liquid-film flow‑field characteristics.The performance differences between the single spiral groove and derivative stepped spiral grooves were comparatively analyzed in terms of opening force and leakage rate.The results show that groove depth has a significant non‑monotonic effect on sealing performance.Relatively favorable overall liquid‑film performance is achieved when the groove depth is 15 μm，the spiral angle is 18°，and the groove diameter ratio is 0.5.Both the opening force and leakage rate increase approximately linearly with increasing medium pressure and rotational speed，while medium pressure has a more pronounced effect on the opening force.Compared with the single spiral groove，the derivative stepped spiral grooves effectively enhance the hydrodynamic effect through secondary pressure peaks generated by the steps.Under a high‑pressure condition of 5.5 MPa，the opening force of the three‑step groove is 8.03% higher than that of the single spiral groove，demonstrating superior load‑carrying capacity.At a high‑speed condition of 13 000 r/min，its leakage rate is reduced by approximately 6.3%.The stepped structure therefore offers advantages in both high load‑carrying capacity and low leakage under high‑parameter operating conditions，providing a theoretical basis and data support for the optimal design of high‑performance mechanical seal structures.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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