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Outline
To efficiently produce ice particles of targeted sizes for ice air jet applications，ice particles were generated using a direct contact cryo genic settling method.The effects of water flow rate （Q） and atomizing‑nozzle exit diameter （D） on the particle size distribution were systematically investigated. In addition，the atomization behavior and solidification heat transfer characteristics were analyzed using the Weber number （We），Stefan number （St），and Biot number （Bi）.The results show that the atomization process is jointly governed by D and Q.At a fixed flow rate，increasing D reduces the exit velocity and the diameter ratio （d/D），shifting the atomization mechanism from inertia‑dominated breakup to a surface‑tension‑dominated regime.At a fixed nozzle diameter，increasing Q drives the atomization mode from a transitional regime toward inertia‑dominated breakup.During solidification，sensible‑heat transfer is dominant.Internal conduc‑tion resistance is non‑negligible，while external convection remains an important limiting factor.Small ice particles，with large specific surface area and low internal temperature gradients，exhibit faster solidification，whereas large particles suffer from delayed core cooling，which significantly prolongs the phase‑change time.Ice particles produced using nozzles with D=2.5~3.5 mm exhibit a circularity close to 1，indicating favorable wear performance.The optimal operating parameters are identified as D=3.0 mm and Q=0.02 L/s. This study elucidates how process parameters govern ice‑particle size and heat‑transfer characteristics，providing theoretical support for the optimized design and engineering implementation of ice‑particle jet technologies
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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