Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) ranks as the third leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide, characterized by high incidence and mortality. Recent advancements in multidisciplinary comprehensive treatment have accelerated the shift toward personalized therapeutic strategies, with significant progress in combining targeted therapy,immunotherapy, and locoregional therapies, which has achieved remarkable results and significantly improved the prognosis of patients. Moreover, advancements in comprehensive treatment have enabled disease downstaging in selected advanced-stage patients, ultimately qualifying them for curative-intent interventions such as anatomic hepatectomy or liver transplantation. The evolving HCC treatment paradigm continuously reshapes surgical approaches while introducing novel clinical challenges. Moving forward, advancements in HCC diagnosis and treatment must balance technological innovation with rigorous clinical validation, while proactively implementing evidence-based standardization of emerging techniques such as minimally invasive surgery and molecular subtyping. Multicenter clinical research should further define optimal patient cohorts for specific therapeutic strategies, ultimately establishing reliable evidence-based frameworks for clinical practice.