The hightemperature molten salt electric heater is the core equipment for achieving electric heating conversion in the heat storage system, and mastering the internal temperature distribution characteristics is the key to promoting its structural optimization. A calculation model for traditional molten salt electrical resistance heater was established, and CFD software was used to study the temperature distribution characteristics inside the heater by solving the three – dimensional N−S equation and energy equation. The variation patterns of the temperature distribution inside the electric heater under different working conditions were obtained. The results show that the temperature difference between the molten salt and the tube wall gradually increases along the flow direction, while multiple series arrangements can effectively reduce the heat transfer temperature difference. The temperature difference between the two at the heater connection can be reduced from 27 °C to 2°C; At the same time, due to the inconsistent density of the internal heating tubes, the temperature of the molten salt, resistance wire, and filling material in the center of the crosssection is significantly higher than that at the edge, and with the increase of load, the temperature gradient gradually increases. When the average heat flux density increases from 5.71 W/cm² to 28.57 W/cm², the temperature difference of the molten salt in the crosssection increases from 49 °C to 68 °C. It can be seen that reasonable distribution of the electric heating tube layout is the key to reducing the temperature difference in the crosssection and reducing thermal stress.

In response to the difficulties faced by the power system in wind power consumption and the shortage of regulation capacity, this article establishes a robust optimization scheduling model for source load distribution that takes into account green certificate carbon trading. Firstly, green certificate trading mechanism and carbon trading mechanism are introduced on the power supply side to enhance the grid connected power of wind power, and high load capacity is introduced on the load side to improve the system regulation capability; Secondly, in order to reduce the impact of uncertain wind power output, a datadriven distributed robust method is adopted to construct a probability distribution uncertainty set based on historical wind power output data, and then optimize the worstcase scenario using column constraint generation algorithm; Finally, based on the IEEE 39 node system, the verification results show that by integrating adjustable resources from both the source and load sides for collaborative optimization, it is possible to promote wind power consumption while ensuring good regulation capability of the power system.

In the context of new power systems, represented by renewable energy sources such as wind and solar, low system inertia and high uncertainty have led to prominent issues with grid frequency stability. While new energy sources with virtual inertia control have improved frequency stability to some extent in lowinertia grids, they have simultaneously increased the difficulty of inertia assessment in the grid. Addressing the challenge where traditional online inertia monitoring methods struggle to accurately estimate synchronous machine rotational inertia alongside virtual inertia from new energy sources, this paper proposes a comprehensive estimation method for rotational and virtual inertia in power systems based on multiimportance sampling and Bayesian inference without requiring any linear assumptions. This approach utilizes local measurements from PMUs (Phasor Measurement Units) within a Bayesian inference framework and employs multiimportance sampling algorithms to sample from the nonGaussian posterior distribution of inertia parameters, ensuring the accuracy of inertia estimation. Simulation results demonstrate that this method exhibits high precision in online inertia estimation for both synchronous and asynchronous generators and can be widely applied in novel electric power systems dominated by new energy sources.

This article first introduces the composition, properties, hazards and current treatment status of antibiotic mycelial residues, and provides an overview of the definition, principles and control parameters of hydrothermal technology. The harmless treatment effects of hydrothermal technology in removing residual antibiotics, resistance genes and stabilizing heavy metals in antibiotic mycelial residues are then discussed. The article also explores the resource utilization of hydrothermally treated mycelial residues, including their applications as feedstock for anaerobic digestion, fertilizer, solid fuel, biooil and biochar. Finally, suggestions are proposed based on current research gaps and future prospects are outlined to offer insights for the development and broader application of hydrothermal technology in treating antibiotic mycelial residues.

The rapid simulation of wake flow has important scientific significance and engineering application. In this paper, a fast calculation method is constructed based on the equation of vortex, and a plane wake is simulated and investigated based on this method. The reliability of this method is validated through comparison with results from previous studies. It is found that this fast calculation method can accurately simulate the formation and evolution of Karman vortex street in the wake region. Analysis of the wake profiles reveals that the positions at which different turbulence statistics reach a selfsimilar state vary, and a nonequilibrium selfsimilar region is observed upstream of the wake. The results of the present study not only enhance our understanding of turbulent wake characteristics, but also be of significance for engineering applications, such as predicting and controlling wind turbine wakes in wind farms.

As for the buildings that employs ground source heat pump (GSHP) systems for heating and cooling, the heat load is obviously higher than the cooling load, which can cause the temperature of underground medium to decrease gradually and therefore affect the heating performance of the system. This paper proposes a dualsource system in which an air source heat pump (ASHP) and a ground source heat pump (GSHP) jointly bear the heat load in winter, and proposes a novel load ratio control strategy that is better than the existing ones, and the strategy can be employed to overcome the drawbacks of single GSHP system effectively Take an office building as the research object, the TRNSYS simulation platform was used to complete the simulation calculation of building load, the mathematical models of both GSHP and ASHP units were established, and then the system modules of dual source system were established based on the simulation platform.With the objective of slowing down the temperature reduction of the subsurface medium, three strategies were designed around the dualsource system: time control, dry bulb temperature difference control and rated maximum load ratio control, and the parameters were output time by time. A comparative analysis of both a single GSHP system and a composite system showed that the composite system with a rated maximum load ratio of 70% control had the lowest soil temperature fluctuations over 10 years of operation. The research results of this paper can provide theoretical basis and technical guidance for the project of hrbrid GSHP system, and promote the popularization and application of geothermal energy technology.

Given the increasing proportion of new energy power generation, the deepening of electricthermal coupling, and the high carbon emissions of coalfired units, a multitimescale scheduling model of multienergy system including carbon capture power plants is established based on new energy optimal consumption and electricthermal demand response. First, the carbon capture coalfired power plant model with integrated flexible operation mode is established. It can reduce the carbon emissions of the system and improve the flexibility of coalfired units to cooperate with new energy sources. Second, the different demand response resources are applied to the load demand of different time scales, which can reduce the load peaktovalley difference and cooperate with the optimal consumption strategy of new energy to explore the lowcarbon characteristics of carbon capture based coalfired power plants. Third, considering multiple types of power and heat source equipment and taking the minimization of system operating costs as the objective function, a dayahead intraday realtime multi time scale scheduling model is established for sourceload coordination. It can optimize the load distribution and unit output plan under different time scales, and improve the new energy consumption capacity. Finally, the effectiveness and feasibility of the model are verified by experimental simulation results.

A smallscale physical model test was conducted in sandy soil to investigate the bearing characteristics of a monocolumn composite bucket as a new type of offshore wind turbine foundation. In the experiment, a displacement controlled horizontal monotonic loading method was used, and the loading speed and pressure were selected as variables to obtain the horizontal bearing capacity load displacement curve. The experimental results show that the ultimate bearing capacity of the foundation is positively correlated with the loading speed and ballast mass; Summarized the variation law of pore water pressure in different compartments of the foundation during the loading process.

Supercapacitors have excellent charging and discharging efficiency and have a broad application prospect in the field of energy storage. The electrode material is the key factor to determine the performance of supercapacitors. Biochar is considered a promising electrode material due to its wide source, high economy, and excellent performance. The article describes the characteristics of biocharbased electrode materials, details the preparation method of biochar with high specific surface area, the optimization and regulation method of biochar pore structure and the surface modification and regulation means of biochar based on defect engineering technology, summarizes the problems faced by highperformance biochar for supercapacitor electrode materials, and outlooks the future research directions of biochar based electrode materials.

In this work, 305 sets of data of hydrochar's basic properties was collected from the references. Then, the singletask and multitask prediction models of hydrochar's basic properties (mass yield, higher heating value, and carbon content) were established based on three types of the machine learning algorithms (the decision tree, the random forest, and the gradient boosting decision tree). Results showed that among the three types of the machine learning algorithms, the gradient boosting decision tree model was the best algorithm, where the average determination coefficient values of the test set were 0.88 and 0.87, and the root mean square error values were 0.34 and 0.37. The SHAP method was used to evaluate the input characteristic parameters during the modeling by using the gradient boosting decision tree. The dominant influence factors for the prediction of the mass yield, higher heating value, and carbon content of the hydrochar were the hydrothermal reaction temperature and the C content in raw biomass. The construction of the prediction model of the hydrochar's basic properties was favorable to reduce the cost for the optimization of the hydrochar production conditions.