This article first introduces the composition, properties, hazards and current treatment status of antibiotic mycelial residues, and provides an overview of the definition, principles and control parameters of hydrothermal technology. The harmless treatment effects of hydrothermal technology in removing residual antibiotics, resistance genes and stabilizing heavy metals in antibiotic mycelial residues are then discussed. The article also explores the resource utilization of hydrothermally treated mycelial residues, including their applications as feedstock for anaerobic digestion, fertilizer, solid fuel, biooil and biochar. Finally, suggestions are proposed based on current research gaps and future prospects are outlined to offer insights for the development and broader application of hydrothermal technology in treating antibiotic mycelial residues.

In this work, 305 sets of data of hydrochar's basic properties was collected from the references. Then, the singletask and multitask prediction models of hydrochar's basic properties (mass yield, higher heating value, and carbon content) were established based on three types of the machine learning algorithms (the decision tree, the random forest, and the gradient boosting decision tree). Results showed that among the three types of the machine learning algorithms, the gradient boosting decision tree model was the best algorithm, where the average determination coefficient values of the test set were 0.88 and 0.87, and the root mean square error values were 0.34 and 0.37. The SHAP method was used to evaluate the input characteristic parameters during the modeling by using the gradient boosting decision tree. The dominant influence factors for the prediction of the mass yield, higher heating value, and carbon content of the hydrochar were the hydrothermal reaction temperature and the C content in raw biomass. The construction of the prediction model of the hydrochar's basic properties was favorable to reduce the cost for the optimization of the hydrochar production conditions.

Supercapacitors have excellent charging and discharging efficiency and have a broad application prospect in the field of energy storage. The electrode material is the key factor to determine the performance of supercapacitors. Biochar is considered a promising electrode material due to its wide source, high economy, and excellent performance. The article describes the characteristics of biocharbased electrode materials, details the preparation method of biochar with high specific surface area, the optimization and regulation method of biochar pore structure and the surface modification and regulation means of biochar based on defect engineering technology, summarizes the problems faced by highperformance biochar for supercapacitor electrode materials, and outlooks the future research directions of biochar based electrode materials.

Design a marine ammonia fuel SOFCGT hybrid power system based on the power requirements of ships, and establish a detailed model of the hybrid power system. Analyze the influence characteristics of ammonia decomposition conversion rate of ammonia decomposer under changes in ammonia flow rate and inlet temperature. Under the limiting conditions of fuel cell temperature gradient, compressor surge safety zone, and turbine inlet temperature, the operational performance of the hybrid power system was analyzed. The effects of ammonia flow rate and ammonia decomposer inlet temperature on the performance of the hybrid power system were studied. The main conclusions are as follows: the output power of the hybrid power system reaches 350.5 kW, and the power generation efficiency reaches 62.40%. When the inlet temperature is above 1 050 K, the conversion rate of ammonia decomposition is close to 100%. The ammonia decomposition conversion rate shows a decreasing trend with the increase of flow rate. When the inlet temperature is high, the influence of flow rate on the decrease of ammonia decomposition conversion rate gradually decreases. When the ammonia flow rate gradually approaches 1.80 mol/s, the performance of fuel cells, gas turbines, and systems gradually increases with the increase of ammonia flow rate. However, the ammonia flow rate in the system should not be too high. When the ammonia flow rate reaches 1.80 mol/s, the turbine inlet temperature has exceeded the safe operating range. When other operating conditions are design conditions, the overall performance of the system improves as the inlet temperature of the ammonia decomposition reactor gradually increases to 1 129 K.

As for the buildings that employs ground source heat pump (GSHP) systems for heating and cooling, the heat load is obviously higher than the cooling load, which can cause the temperature of underground medium to decrease gradually and therefore affect the heating performance of the system. This paper proposes a dualsource system in which an air source heat pump (ASHP) and a ground source heat pump (GSHP) jointly bear the heat load in winter, and proposes a novel load ratio control strategy that is better than the existing ones, and the strategy can be employed to overcome the drawbacks of single GSHP system effectively Take an office building as the research object, the TRNSYS simulation platform was used to complete the simulation calculation of building load, the mathematical models of both GSHP and ASHP units were established, and then the system modules of dual source system were established based on the simulation platform.With the objective of slowing down the temperature reduction of the subsurface medium, three strategies were designed around the dualsource system: time control, dry bulb temperature difference control and rated maximum load ratio control, and the parameters were output time by time. A comparative analysis of both a single GSHP system and a composite system showed that the composite system with a rated maximum load ratio of 70% control had the lowest soil temperature fluctuations over 10 years of operation. The research results of this paper can provide theoretical basis and technical guidance for the project of hrbrid GSHP system, and promote the popularization and application of geothermal energy technology.

In order to solve the problem of deterioration of heat transfer performance caused by cold air backflow and the excessive unevenness of the headon wind speed on the outdoor side heat exchanger during the heating operation of common air source heat pumps, a new integrated solar and air energy heat pump for public buildings is proposed by combining solar heat gain in the outdoor side heat exchanger. The mathematical model of the outdoor side heat exchanger was established to study the airflow distribution and heat transfer performance of the common air source heat pump, and the simulation results were verified by experiment to prove the accuracy of the mathematical model; two new outdoor side heat exchanger structures of singleinversion type and doubleinversion type are proposed, and their airflow distribution and heat transfer performance are studied. The results show that both singleinversion and doubleinversion structures can improve the unevenness of the headon wind speed of the heat exchanger, among which the doubleinversion structure has a more obvious improvement effect, with the unevenness of the headon wind speed of the outer and inner heat exchangers reduced by 46% and 83%, respectively, compared with that of the common air source heat pump outdoor side heat exchanger; In the case of the same heat exchanger area, fan type and number, the doubleinversion structure increase the heat exchanger by 5.4% compared with the singleinversion structure.

The hightemperature molten salt electric heater is the core equipment for achieving electric heating conversion in the heat storage system, and mastering the internal temperature distribution characteristics is the key to promoting its structural optimization. A calculation model for traditional molten salt electrical resistance heater was established, and CFD software was used to study the temperature distribution characteristics inside the heater by solving the three – dimensional N−S equation and energy equation. The variation patterns of the temperature distribution inside the electric heater under different working conditions were obtained. The results show that the temperature difference between the molten salt and the tube wall gradually increases along the flow direction, while multiple series arrangements can effectively reduce the heat transfer temperature difference. The temperature difference between the two at the heater connection can be reduced from 27 °C to 2°C; At the same time, due to the inconsistent density of the internal heating tubes, the temperature of the molten salt, resistance wire, and filling material in the center of the crosssection is significantly higher than that at the edge, and with the increase of load, the temperature gradient gradually increases. When the average heat flux density increases from 5.71 W/cm² to 28.57 W/cm², the temperature difference of the molten salt in the crosssection increases from 49 °C to 68 °C. It can be seen that reasonable distribution of the electric heating tube layout is the key to reducing the temperature difference in the crosssection and reducing thermal stress.

A smallscale physical model test was conducted in sandy soil to investigate the bearing characteristics of a monocolumn composite bucket as a new type of offshore wind turbine foundation. In the experiment, a displacement controlled horizontal monotonic loading method was used, and the loading speed and pressure were selected as variables to obtain the horizontal bearing capacity load displacement curve. The experimental results show that the ultimate bearing capacity of the foundation is positively correlated with the loading speed and ballast mass; Summarized the variation law of pore water pressure in different compartments of the foundation during the loading process.

Wind turbine blades are subjected to various loads during operation, which can cause deformation, and yaw can make the force situation of the blades more complex. To investigate the dynamic flapping deformation of blades under yaw conditions, experimental research was conducted using digital image correlation (DIC) technology to explore the influence of changes in yaw angle, wind speed, and speed on the dynamic flapping deformation of blades. The results show that the dynamic flapping deformation of horizontal axis wind turbine blades varies in a sinusoidal pattern, and the higher the wind speed, the greater the dynamic flapping deformation. The higher the rotational speed, the greater the dynamic flapping deformation, and at the same time, the time it takes to reach the maximum value is also shorter, with more variation cycles experienced; The existence of yaw angle changes the force situation of the blade. The larger the yaw angle, the greater the trend of dynamic flapping deformation. The shorter the time it takes to reach the peak, the earlier the peak position is. At the same time, the proportion of positive dynamic flapping deformation decreases, and the proportion of negative dynamic flapping deformation increases. The most obvious trend is at a 30° yaw angle. The research results of this article can provide experimental data support for effective control of blade deformation and subsequent research on the impact of blade deformation on the aerodynamic characteristics of wind turbines.

China's shallowsea development potential is 1 730 GW, and deepsea development potential is 1 830 GW, making China the country with the largest offshore wind power development potential in Asia. In recent years, with the continuous breakthroughs in floating wind turbines and concerning technologies, offshore wind power is gradually moving towards the deep sea. The development and delivery costs will drop rapidly. According to calculations, by 2030, the LCOE of floating wind power will drop to 0.28 ¥/(kW·h), and by 2050 it will drop to 0.14 ¥/(kW·h). The use of VSCHVDC for deepsea floating wind power, by 2050, the transmission costs of offshore 100 km, 150 km, and 200 km are estimated to be 0.050, 0.059 ¥/(kW·h)and 0.068 ¥/(kW·h) respectively in the basic scenario. Under the scenario of rapid technological progress, the estimated results are 0.033,0.040 ¥/(kW·h) and 0.046 ¥/(kW·h) respectively.

The rapid simulation of wake flow has important scientific significance and engineering application. In this paper, a fast calculation method is constructed based on the equation of vortex, and a plane wake is simulated and investigated based on this method. The reliability of this method is validated through comparison with results from previous studies. It is found that this fast calculation method can accurately simulate the formation and evolution of Karman vortex street in the wake region. Analysis of the wake profiles reveals that the positions at which different turbulence statistics reach a selfsimilar state vary, and a nonequilibrium selfsimilar region is observed upstream of the wake. The results of the present study not only enhance our understanding of turbulent wake characteristics, but also be of significance for engineering applications, such as predicting and controlling wind turbine wakes in wind farms.

With the development of photovoltaic(PV) industry, high capacity ratios have gradually become popular in the PV power station. To find the optimal charging/discharge strategy of energy storage (ES) in PV subarray with a high capacity ratio, one operation strategy based on working mode recognition was proposed to coordinate two competitive objectives—load shifting and smoothing. Furthermore, a capacity configuration model with the objectives of life cycle net present value maximization and output fluctuation minimization was constructed considering the generation income, ES cost, fluctuation characteristics, and typical day type. Moreover, taking a 1 MW subarray with 1.8 capacity ratio in a northeast utilityscale PV power station as a case, the optimal capacity of 700 kW·h was obtained. The simulation results under different typical days verified the feasibility and the effectiveness of the proposed ES operation strategy as well as the configuration model.

As a clean and lowcarbon energy system, the integration of wind, solar, and hydrogen microgrids plays an essential role in facilitating the transformation of energy structures and enhancing energy utilization efficiency. This paper investigates the capacity configuration issues of wind, photovoltaic, and hydrogen storage microgrid systems. A model of the windsolarhydrogen microgrid system has been developed, taking into account the uncertainties in wind and solar outputs. Based on historical data, typical daily scenarios are selected using an improved Kmeans clustering algorithm, and the uncertainty probability distributions are jointly constrained by both the 1norm and infinity norm within a confidence set. This study proposes a twostage distributionally robust model for the capacity configuration of windsolarhydrogen microgrids. The first stage determines the capacity of each component with the goal of minimizing investment costs, while the second stage aims to minimize operational costs. The solution to the model is derived through the application of the ColumnandConstraint Generation (C&CG) algorithm. The results indicate that the model can achieve a rational configuration of capacity, and it enhances the energy utilization efficiency and economic performance of the windsolarhydrogen microgrid.

In response to the difficulties faced by the power system in wind power consumption and the shortage of regulation capacity, this article establishes a robust optimization scheduling model for source load distribution that takes into account green certificate carbon trading. Firstly, green certificate trading mechanism and carbon trading mechanism are introduced on the power supply side to enhance the grid connected power of wind power, and high load capacity is introduced on the load side to improve the system regulation capability; Secondly, in order to reduce the impact of uncertain wind power output, a datadriven distributed robust method is adopted to construct a probability distribution uncertainty set based on historical wind power output data, and then optimize the worstcase scenario using column constraint generation algorithm; Finally, based on the IEEE 39 node system, the verification results show that by integrating adjustable resources from both the source and load sides for collaborative optimization, it is possible to promote wind power consumption while ensuring good regulation capability of the power system.

Given the increasing proportion of new energy power generation, the deepening of electricthermal coupling, and the high carbon emissions of coalfired units, a multitimescale scheduling model of multienergy system including carbon capture power plants is established based on new energy optimal consumption and electricthermal demand response. First, the carbon capture coalfired power plant model with integrated flexible operation mode is established. It can reduce the carbon emissions of the system and improve the flexibility of coalfired units to cooperate with new energy sources. Second, the different demand response resources are applied to the load demand of different time scales, which can reduce the load peaktovalley difference and cooperate with the optimal consumption strategy of new energy to explore the lowcarbon characteristics of carbon capture based coalfired power plants. Third, considering multiple types of power and heat source equipment and taking the minimization of system operating costs as the objective function, a dayahead intraday realtime multi time scale scheduling model is established for sourceload coordination. It can optimize the load distribution and unit output plan under different time scales, and improve the new energy consumption capacity. Finally, the effectiveness and feasibility of the model are verified by experimental simulation results.

In the context of new power systems, represented by renewable energy sources such as wind and solar, low system inertia and high uncertainty have led to prominent issues with grid frequency stability. While new energy sources with virtual inertia control have improved frequency stability to some extent in lowinertia grids, they have simultaneously increased the difficulty of inertia assessment in the grid. Addressing the challenge where traditional online inertia monitoring methods struggle to accurately estimate synchronous machine rotational inertia alongside virtual inertia from new energy sources, this paper proposes a comprehensive estimation method for rotational and virtual inertia in power systems based on multiimportance sampling and Bayesian inference without requiring any linear assumptions. This approach utilizes local measurements from PMUs (Phasor Measurement Units) within a Bayesian inference framework and employs multiimportance sampling algorithms to sample from the nonGaussian posterior distribution of inertia parameters, ensuring the accuracy of inertia estimation. Simulation results demonstrate that this method exhibits high precision in online inertia estimation for both synchronous and asynchronous generators and can be widely applied in novel electric power systems dominated by new energy sources.

Lowcarbon development of the power industry is an important measure for the dualcarbon goal. In order to promote carbon emission reduction and improve the economy, reliability and environmental protection of the multienergy system, an optimization model for the carbon emission reduction of the multienergy system considering the coordination of economy and reliability is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the coordination model of LowCarbon MultiEnergy System (LCMES) is established by analyzing the topology of the LCMES including electricity, gas and heat; Secondly, based on the fault characteristics of the energy conversion and storage equipment in the LCMES, the multistate reliability model of the LCMES is established; Then, under the conditions of operation constraints and reliability constraints, an optimization model of carbon emission reduction of the LCMES considering the coordination of economy and reliability is proposed with the objective of minimizing the operation cost and carbon emissions of multienergy system; Finally, it is verified by simulation numerical example that the multienergy system optimization model proposed in this paper can ensure the improvement of the operation reliability and economy of the multienergy system while achieving the carbon emission reduction.