Henan province is a major agricultural province with abundant crop straw resources. In order to improve the comprehensive utilization rate of regional straw resources and promote the industrial layout and development of straw resource utilization, this article estimated the amount of straw resources and the nutrient content of straw of major crops in Henan province, clarified the distribution characteristics of straw resources in Henan province. At the same time, combined with the calculation of the demand for straw resource utilization in Henan province, analyzed the utilization potential of straw resources in the whole province. The results showed that the theoretical and collectable amount of the main crop straw resources in Henan province in 2022 were 103.868 8 million tons and 81.089 1 million tons respectively. The straw resources mainly distributed in Zhumadian, Nanyang, Zhoukou and Shangqiu. There is a large difference in regional straw resources. The nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents in collectable straws in Henan province in 2022 were 0.666 4 million tons, 0.196 6 million tons and 1.059 4 million tons respectively. Theoretically, the amount of collectable straw could replace 42.28% of the nitrogen fertilizer demand and 27.38% of the phosphate fertilizer demand in the province in that year, and could completely replace the potassium fertilizer demand in that year. The demand for livestock feed straw is 13.754 8 million tons, accounted for 16.96% of the total collectable straw resources of the province. The demand for straw resources for substrate is 1.849 5 million tons, accounted for 2.28% of the total straw resources of the province. If the collectable straw resources in Henan province was fully energy utilization, it would have potential to replace 40.862 5 million tons of standard coal.