Aiming at the technical bottleneck of low compressive strength, high filling cost and poor filling effect of cement-based filling body, ultrasonic technology was used to improve the performance of cement-based filling slurry. Through the orthogonal tests of three factors and four levels, the effects of ultrasonic power, ultrasonic time and stirring time on the rheological properties and mechanical properties of cement-based filling slurry were investigated, and the strengthening mechanism of ultrasonic action was further discussed. There search results indicate that the primary and secondary factors affecting the compressive strength of the filling body are ultrasonic power, ultrasonic time and stirring time. Ultrasonic power is a significant factor affecting the yield stress and plastic viscosity of the filling slurry, followed by stirring time, and ultrasonic time has the smallest impact. The compressive strength of the filling body at 3 days, 7 days, 14 days and 28 days shows a trend of first increasing and then decreasing with the increase of ultrasonic power, ultrasonic time and stirring time. When the ultrasonic power, ultrasonic time and stirring time are 70 W, 4 min and 6 min, respectively, the compressive strength of the filling body reaches its optimal value. The yield stress and plastic viscosity of the filling slurry are negatively correlated with ultrasonic power and ultrasonic time, and show a trend of first decreasing and then increasing with the extension of stirring time. This is because the ultrasonic action promotes the dispersion of cement and tailings particles in the liquid phase, improves the uniformity of the slurry, and promotes the cement hydration process. However, excessive ultrasonic power and prolonged ultrasonic time lead to the reunion of the flocculation structure of cement particles, which inhibits the diffusion of water molecules and the compactness of the slurry structure. The appropriate stirring time is beneficial to the dispersion of the slurry and weakens the friction and shear between the particles, while the excessive stirring time leads to the destruction of the slurry structure and weakens the mechanical properties of the filling body.