Deep vertical shafts are critical passages for deep resource development, and their surrounding rock stability is essential to guarantee the safety and efficiency of mining. Aiming at the surrounding rock stability problem of shaft walls in broken rock mass, taking the Xiling mining area of Sanshandao Gold Mine as the engineering background, a three-dimensional numerical model of the vertical shaft was established by using the Bonded Block Model (BBM) in the discrete element software. The damage and failure characteristics of shaft walls at buried depths of 1 600-2 500 m were investigated, and six support and reinforcement schemes for shaft walls in high-stress and broken rock mass conditions were proposed. The results show that the deformation and failure behavior of surrounding rock in deep vertical shafts under high in-situ stress is affected by horizontal geostress. With the increase of buried depth, the maximum displacement and deformation range of shaft wall surrounding rock increase. The displacement in the maximum principal stress direction changes significantly, and the minimum principal stress direction is the main concentration area of shear stress. Broken rock strata increase the mechanical complexity of shaft wall surrounding rock, and the dynamic action of broken rock mass may cause spalling of rock blocks and failure of surrounding rock. Grouting bolts can effectively improve the stress state of the support structure and disperse the concentrated stress in the surrounding rock. After support, the displacement of the shaft wall is reduced by 53%-65%, and the shear stress concentration zone is transferred to the shallow part at 0.5-1 m depth of the shaft wall. For different buried depths, reasonable support and reinforcement measures can effectively control the dynamic action of broken rock mass and reduce the failure risk of shaft walls.