Full
Outline
In order to explore the effect of shear slip on the communication and connection of multiple tensile cracks in shale, based on the indoor compression-shear test, the fracture process of shale with different bedding angles was studied by PFC2D from the microscopic point of view. The characteristics of initiation, propagation, communication and connection of en-echelon fracture, as well as the effect of bedding direction, were analyzed, and the influence of each main control factor on en-echelon fracture was discussed. The results show that in the compression-shear fracture process of shale, the en-echelon tensile fracture of the oblique shear plane first initiate near the shear plane. When the expansion of the en-echelon fracture gradually slows down or even is blocked, the shear cracks initiated from both ends of the shear plane rapidly expand and penetrate the en-echelon fracture, forming a macroscopic shear fracture zone. The morphology of en-echelon fracture formed in the process of compression-shear shows obvious bedding direction effect. The shale with bedding angle of 0° is sheared along the bedding, and no en-echelon fracture are formed. The shale with bedding angle of 30°, 45°, 60° and 90° forms en-echelon fracture with uniform oblique bedding, while the shale with bedding angle of 120°, 135° and 150° forms en-echelon fracture along bedding or oblique bedding, and the scale of en-echelon fracture shows anisotropic characteristics. The en-echelon fracture formed in the process of compression-shear fracture are mainly tensile cracks, and the en-echelon fracture are mainly connected by shear cracks to form shear fracture zones. The number of bedding has no obvious effect on the shape and scale of en-echelon fracture propagation. With the increase of bedding cementation strength, the scale of en-echelon fracture shows a certain weakening trend, and the width and size of shear fracture zone are obviously reduced.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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