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Outline
To address the mining and separation difficulties of a low-grade zircon-hafnium placer in a coastal shallow sea of Hainan, a systematic process mineralogy study was conducted using analytical techniques such as X-ray diffraction, mineral liberation analyzer (MLA), and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). The chemical composition of the ore, mineral composition, dissemination size of valuable minerals, and mineral occurrence characteristics were clarified. Furthermore, a feasibility study on pre-screening and centrifugal tailing discarding was carried out using a self-made LX-60 vertical cyclone centrifuge. The results indicate that the ZrO2 grade of the raw ore is only 0.105 0%, the valuable mineral zircon accounts for only 0.14%, and the content of light gangues such as quartz and feldspar is up to 86.60%. 75% of zircons are monomer with particle size of 0.04-0.20 mm, showing a significant specific density difference from the gangues, which is suitable for gravity separation waste discarding. 25% of zircons contain quartz, feldspar, and ilmenite inclusions with particle sizes less than 0.05 mm. This part of fine inclusions is easy to cause metal loss. The dissemination size of ilmenite is coarser than that of zircon, and it is synchronously enriched during gravity separation. After pre-screening out the +0.15 mm coarse material, the undersize material undergoes one-stage roughing under the conditions of a centrifugal force of 80g, a backwash water flow rate of 4 L/min, and a feeding amount of 80 g, yielding a pre-selected rough concentrate with a ZrO2 grade of 0.483 6% and an operation recovery of 95.50%. The total zirconium recovery of the combined screening-centrifugation process reaches 93.37%, and the total loss rate to the raw ore is only 6.63%. This process achieves the efficient discarding of massive light gangues and the pre-concentration of zircon minerals, demonstrates potential applicability for offshore in-situ pre-selection tailing discarding, and can provide technical support for the pre-selection tailing discarding of similar extremely low-grade zircon placers.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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