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Lead-zinc ore is one of the important metallic mineral deposits in Hunan Province and has exerted significant environmental impacts on surface water and groundwater in the surrounding mining area. To investigate the influence of mining activities on surrounding water bodies, 16 groups of surface water samples and 12 groups of groundwater samples were collected. Piper trilinear diagram, Gibbs diagram, ion ratio analysis, chloro-alkaline index, factor analysis, correlation analysis, mineral saturation index, and geostatistical spatial analysis (Kriging interpolation, distance decay fitting, and directional variogram) were employed to analyze the hydrochemical characteristics and genesis of water quality in the study area. The results show that the water bodies in the study area are generally weakly alkaline, with Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) mass concentration ranging from 70 to 1 190 mg/L. The groundwater is dominated by SO4-Ca and HCO3-Ca·Mg hydrochemical types. The hydrochemical evolution is dominated by weathering dissolution of carbonate rocks, supplemented by forward cation exchange dominated by silicate rocks. The coupling of sulfide mineral oxidation and carbonate rock neutralization is the formation mechanism of the high , high TDS, and near-neutral pH characteristics of mine water. The influence of lead-zinc ore dissolution on different groundwater flow systems differs significantly, exhibiting strong spatial differentiation of hydrochemical characteristics. The water mineralization degree score (MDS) is centered on the mining core area and decays exponentially with distance, decreasing to 40% of the initial amplitude within 1 km and approaching the regional background level within 2-3 km. The influence width perpendicular to the groundwater flow direction is approximately 1.6 km. The impact of mining activities on surrounding water bodies shows a radial pattern, with stronger effects in water bodies closer to the mining area. The research results can provide a basis for water inrush risk warning, water pollution prevention and control, and rational utilization of mine water resources.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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