Full
Outline
The "dual carbon" goals have driven explosive growth in the renewable energy industry, leading to surging demand for critical metals such as copper, nickel, and cobalt. As a strategic supplement to land-based resources, the development of deep-sea minerals has become a critical pathway to ensure supply chain security. Addressing China's high external dependency on critical metals and acute supply chain vulnerabilities, the strategic layout of the entire industry chain for deep-sea mineral resource development was systematically investigated. Building on the vast potential of international seabed resources such as polymetallic nodules, cobalt-rich crusts, polymetallic sulfides and deep-sea rare earths, and leveraging China's "first-mover advantage" of exclusive exploration rights and priority mining rights over five international seabed areas, competitiveness analysis indicates that China has advantages in exploration scale and manned submersible technologies. However, persistent bottlenecks are summarized, including reliance on imported core mining components and insufficient influence in international environmental standard-setting. A framework anchored in "top-level strategic planning, green technology innovation, industrial chain coordination, international rule leadership" was proposed. Key pathways encompass establishing a national collaborative mechanism to advance low-disturbance mining technologies, building a distributed industrial chain spanning "offshore mining-coastal preprocessing-inland refining", and spearheading international standards for sustainable deep-sea mining. Phase-specific milestones are defined: completing full-system sea trials in mining areas by 2030 and achieving an annual production capacity of 20 million tons of dry nodules by 2040. By integrating technological breakthroughs and international rule gaming, this framework provides strategic support for China to build an independent and controllable deep-sea resource supply system.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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