Full
Outline
To address the environmental hazards caused by red mud stockpiling during Bayer process alumina production and achieve efficient utilization of secondary resources, this study takes Bayer process red mud as the research object. It systematically reviews the fundamental characteristics and environmental risks of red mud, focusing on the current research status of recovering valuable metals such as Fe, Al, Ti and Sc. The study provides an in-depth comparison of the operational principles and industrial application effects of different recovery processes, and analyzes the advantages, disadvantages, and applicable scenarios of each process. Research findings indicate that the physical method for Fe recovery features simple operation but achieves a recovery rate of only 55%-60%. The reduction roasting-magnetic separation method can attain a recovery rate of 87%-92.8%, albeit with relatively high energy consumption. Acid leaching methods yield relatively high leaching rates for Al, Ti, and Sc recovery, but suffer from high acid consumption. Combined processes can enhance overall recovery efficiency, though they involve complex flowsheets. Currently, the comprehensive utilization rate of red mud has increased to approximately 12%, yet a gap remains compared with that of developed countries. Front-end phase regulation, the development of green processes, the advancement of combined processes, and the preparation of high-value-added materials from red mud represent the core development directions for future valuable metal recovery from red mud. This review can provide a reference for technological upgrading within the industry.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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