Full
Outline
To address the prevalent issues of uneven rock fragmentation and high boulder rate in high-bench deep-hole blasting within high-altitude cold open-pit metal mines, an enhanced blasting technology utilizing water stemming for open-pit mines was proposed. A numerical simulation method was employed to investigate the spatiotemporal variation patterns of effective stress and damage within the rock mass after explosive detonation under two working conditions: fine sand stemming and water stemming. The mechanism of water stemming enhanced blasting was analyzed. Furthermore, blasting crater tests were conducted at the Xizang Julong Copper Mine to verify the accuracy of the numerical simulation results. The results indicate that during conventional blasting with fine sand stemming, the equivalent stress propagates upward slowly and unevenly, causing most of the blasting energy to concentrate at the bottom of the borehole, resulting in insufficient fragmentation of the upper rock mass. In contrast, during water stemming blasting, due to the incompressibility of water and its excellent stress transmission properties, the blasting stress propagates rapidly and uniformly through the water column to the middle and upper parts of the borehole, leading to effective fragmentation of both the upper and lower rock masses. Compared with fine sand stemming blasting, the upper water stemming blasting increases the maximum surface length, depth, and volume of the blasting crater by 13.33%, 12.07%, and 90.88%, respectively. The research results can provide a reference for efficient blasting and mining in high-altitude cold open-pit metal mines.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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