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Competitive Landscape and Coping Strategies for International Seabed Exploration Areas
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Chengjun LIU, Manhong LI, Hao ZHENG, Zhi SHUANG
Mining and Metallurgical Engineering | 2025, 45(4) : 8 - 13
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Mining and Metallurgical Engineering | 2025, 45(4): 8-13
• MINING •
Competitive Landscape and Coping Strategies for International Seabed Exploration Areas
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Chengjun LIU, Manhong LI, Hao ZHENG, Zhi SHUANG
Affiliations
  • State Key Laboratory of Exploitation and Utilization of Deep Sea Mineral Resources, Changsha Research Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Co, Ltd, Changsha 410012, Hunan, China
Published: 2025-08-01 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.04.002
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Based on the characteristics of the exploration contracts approved by the International Seabed Authority (ISA), the global competition status and variation trend of the exploration contract areas are analyzed in terms of temporal changes, spatial distribution and mineral types. Based on the analysis results, strategies to cope with the variation in the situation of ISA exploration contract areas are proposed, including commercial companies acting as the main players, strengthening international cooperation with African countries and the Enterprise of ISA, giving priority to exploration of polymetallic nodules, cultivating advantageous contractors and safeguarding the rights and interests of contractors.

seabed resources  /  deep-sea mining  /  international seabed exploration area  /  exploration contract  /  competitive landscape  /  coping strategies
Chengjun LIU, Manhong LI, Hao ZHENG, Zhi SHUANG. Competitive Landscape and Coping Strategies for International Seabed Exploration Areas[J]. Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, 2025 , 45 (4) : 8 -13 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.04.002
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Year 2025 volume 45 Issue 4
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Article Info
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.04.002
  • Receive Date：2025-02-12
  • Online Date：2026-03-05
  • Published：2025-08-01
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  • Received：2025-02-12
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    State Key Laboratory of Exploitation and Utilization of Deep Sea Mineral Resources, Changsha Research Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Co, Ltd, Changsha 410012, Hunan, China
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表12种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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