Addressing climate change has become a global consensus, and the energy sector, as the primary "contributor" to global carbon emissions, has become an important reform area for countries to promote carbon neutrality. In recent years, with the rapid development of clean energy technology, the proportion of renewable energy such as wind and solar energy in the energy system continues to increase, and a new generation of global energy system with electrification, high efficiency, low carbon and interconnection is taking shape. Scientific and technological innovation will once again promote the evolution of human energy system and become the first driving force to support and lead the realization of the "double carbon" goal. This paper expounds the necessity, urgency and importance of relying on scientific and technological innovation to promote the development of China's clean energy industry from three aspects: the development of clean energy science and technology, the scientific and technological competition between China and the United States, and the development of China's traditional manufacturing-green superior industry. This paper systematically expounds the development status of clean energy industry in China from four aspects: the level of clean energy technology, the utilization rate of clean energy resources, the empowerment of digital intelligence technology and the construction of talent team, and clarifies the five major challenges facing the development of clean energy industry in China. First, China's energy system is confronted with the challenges of total demand growth and suboptimal structure in the short and medium term. Secondly, there is a spatial dislocation between energy supply and demand in China. Thirdly, the rapid development of clean energy industry forces China to speed up the construction of a new power system. Fourthly, there is still a certain gap between China's clean energy technology level and that of developed countries. Fifthly, China's strategic mineral resources supply chain is facing greater risks. To this end, the practical path of scientific and technological innovation to support the development of China's clean energy industry lies in: coordinating the national energy strategic deployment, eliminating the spatial differences between energy supply and demand; focusing on the world's leading edge of energy science and technology, speeding up the tackling of key core technologies; relying on major projects to reduce costs and increase efficiency, promoting advanced technologies to try first; promoting the construction of energy integration systems, improving the efficiency of cross-border energy utilization. We should extensively expand international scientific and technological cooperation, fully learn from the successful experience of the United States and Europe, implement the strategy of guaranteeing the supply of mineral resources, and build a safe and resilient supply system. The key policy recommendations are as follows: First, vigorously promote the development of new energy storage industry and support the transformation of energy supply from "trans-regional energy transmission" to "local energy supply". The second is to build a scientific and technological innovation consortium in the field of energy and give full play to the role of leading enterprises in science and technology. Third, we should create an innovative ecosystem for technology sharing, accelerate the cross-industry and cross-domain flow of advanced technology, and stimulate innovation vitality. Fourthly, the State Key Laboratory of Energy System Integration should be established to tackle key problems in the form of major engineering projects. Fifth, we should actively build a more proactive mechanism for international scientific and technological cooperation.