The key to Chinese modernization lies in the modernization of science and technology. This modernization is manifested not only in scientific development and technological progress but also in the modernization of concepts of discovery, invention, and innovation. Historical experience from the rise of modern science and technology powers demonstrates that mobilizing broad social forces for scientific and technological endeavors and stimulating the creative vitality of the public are decisive conditions for economic and social development. This, in turn, requires the support of a corresponding set of modern values. In contemporary China, these values find concentrated expression in a people-centered philosophy of development. As a contemporary commitment to and development of Marxist historical materialism, this philosophy addresses both the fundamental purpose of scientific and technological innovation-serving the people-and its source of strength and ultimate value-relying on the people and sharing its fruits with them. It therefore constitutes the value foundation and social basis for achieving greater self-reliance and strength in science and technology. Promoting the modernization of science and technology requires advancing scientific and technological innovation and science popularization as two equally important wings. This entails expanding the depth and breadth of the people's meaningful participation in scientific and technological innovation and consolidating the social foundation for self-reliance and strength in science and technology through the cultivation of a nationwide culture of innovation.