The national capacity for science popularization refers to the ability of a state to provide popular science products and services to the entire society with the aim of improving citizens’scientific literacy and promote scientific and technological innovation. As the new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation progresses，national science popularization capacity has emerged as a critical index that can not be overlooked for accessing a country’s comprehensive strength. This paper examines the complex domestic and international landscape of science popularization and its role in enabling Chinese-style modernization through a goal-oriented and problem-solving approach. It analyzes the mission and requirements for constructing national science popularization capacity in the new era. It analyzes the mission and requirements for constructing of national science popularization capacity in the new era. Drawing on theoretical frameworks such as the national innovation system and the long-standing practice of China’s science popularization capacity building，it elucidates the contemporary significance of this concept. The discussion extends to the construction of a national science popularization capacity system in the new era，focusing on three core elements：science popularization resources，platforms，and talents. Subsequently，it proposes an effective strategy for enhancing national science popularization capacity that includes：strengthening supporting mechanism，enhancing core elements supply and promoting practical innovation.