Technological innovation leading the construction of a modern industrial system has become a key task at present. As an important component of the modern industrial system, how technological innovation lead the development of future industries has become an important research topic. On the basis of sorting out the concept, content, and characteristics of future industries, the path of technological innovation leading the development of future industries was explored from a theoretical perspective, including strengthening top-level planning and layout, increasing the supply of original scientific and technological innovation achievements, and strengthening the synergy of technological innovation elements. Finally, taking Jiangsu, Beijing, and Shanghai as cases, the practical exploration of promoting future industrial development in three provinces and cities was explored, in order to provide theoretical and practical references for other provinces and cities to promote future industrial development.