As one of the sectors most sensitive to climate change, agricultural production activities are deeply affected by the negative impacts of environmental degradation. The implementation of “carbon peaking” and “carbon neutrality” policies will inevitably affect agricultural production methods and export trade. The impact of carbon emission reduction policies on agricultural exports was studied by selecting HS four-digit agricultural products from 2000 to 2021, using the Difference-in-Differences (DID) method for empirical analysis, and the mechanism of how carbon emission reduction policies affect agricultural export growth was explored. The research findings are as follows. The implementation of carbon emission reduction policies promotes agricultural export growth. In terms of heterogeneity, the implementation of carbon emission reduction policies has a relatively significant impact on the exports of grain and oil products, while the impact on meat exports is slightly smaller. In terms of moderating effects, labor, government support for agriculture, and climate change all play a positive role in promoting agricultural export growth through carbon emission reduction policies. Based on these conclusions, insights and suggestions are provided for the changes in China’s agricultural exports in the global agricultural market under the “dual carbon” goals.