Adjusting industrial structure to improve regional environmental performance is an important means for the government to promote local environmental protection. Taking 30 provinces in China(due to the lack of data, the statistical data mentioned here do not include the Tibet Autonomous Region, the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, the Macao Special Administrative Region and Taiwan Province) as case studies, fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) was used to explore the impact of their configuration effects on regional environmental performance from four dimensions: industrial structure upgrading, rationalization, specialization and diversification. The findings are as follows. ①Regional environmental performance has the characteristics of “reaching the same destination”, that is, two different condition configurations can achieve high regional environmental performance. There are two driving mechanisms to achieve high regional environmental performance, namely, the industry-professionalization-oriented model and the industry-professionalization-rationalization model. ② None of the four dimensions of industrial structure can be regarded as the core condition for producing high regional environmental performance alone, but the specialization of industrial structure plays a more universal role as the key condition. It has further enriched the theoretical system of the relationship between industrial structure and environmental performance, and the research conclusions can provide decision-making reference for various regions to formulate scientific and reasonable industrial structure adjustment policies to improve regional environmental performance.