Shandong Province is a key implementation area of China’s rural revitalization strategy, and it is of great significance how to optimize the development system of digital inclusive finance so as to achieve high-quality development of agriculture. The evaluation index system of agricultural high quality was constructed, adopting the panel data of each prefecture-level city in Shandong Province from 2012 to 2021, the relationship between the two was empirically analyzed by using the two-way fixed-effects model and the spatial autoregressive model. The results show that the digital financial inclusion has a significant role in promoting the development of agricultural high quality, and the role of inland areas has a more significant effect. In the economic distance perspective, the digital financial inclusion index has a significant role in promoting the development of agricultural high quality. Under the perspective of economic distance, the positive spatial spillover effect of digital financial inclusion index on the level of high-quality agricultural development is obvious.