Innovation and entrepreneurship education encourages college students to actively participate in innovation and entrepreneurship activities, stimulate the innovation vitality and creative potential of the whole society, and promote the economic transformation and upgrading. Taking 6 780 valid questionnaires from comprehensive colleges and universities in Shandong Province as research samples, an evaluation scale of college students’ innovation and entrepreneurship behavior were constructed to identify the influence mechanism of “dual-creation” education on “dual-creation” behavior, and provide empirical evidence for colleges and universities to deepen the reform of innovation and entrepreneurship education and to explore the potentials of innovation and entrepreneurship among students, which provides empirical evidence for universities to deepen the reform of innovation and entrepreneurship education and explore students’ innovation and entrepreneurship potential. In the future, the government and universities should continue to broaden the channels of innovation and entrepreneurship practice by system construction, realize “theory+practice” teaching by curriculum integration, and create a good atmosphere of innovation and entrepreneurship by resource support, so as to contribute to the transformation and upgrading of the economy and the innovative development of the society.