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Integrated analysis of network toxicology, machine learning, and multi-dimensional bioinformatics reveals the toxicological mechanisms of ochratoxin A in gastric carcinogenesis
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Wei BAI1, Zixing QIAN2, Guodong HUANG2, Xianjun RAO2, Xiaoxiao CHEN3, Yang YANG2, Wei WEI2, *
Mycosystema | 2026, 45(4) : 250351
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Mycosystema | 2026, 45(4): 250351
• Research paper •
Integrated analysis of network toxicology, machine learning, and multi-dimensional bioinformatics reveals the toxicological mechanisms of ochratoxin A in gastric carcinogenesis
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Wei BAI1, Zixing QIAN2, Guodong HUANG2, Xianjun RAO2, Xiaoxiao CHEN3, Yang YANG2, Wei WEI2, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
  • 2 Wang Jing Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100102, China
  • 3 Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
Published: 2026-04-22 doi: 10.13346/j.mycosystema.250351
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Gastric cancer (GC) is a multifactorial malignancy closely linked to environmental risk factors. Ochratoxin A (OTA), a widely distributed mycotoxin, has been classified as a probable human carcinogen. This study systematically elucidates the molecular mechanisms underlying OTA-induced gastric carcinogenesis. For the first time, through an integrated approach combining network toxicology, machine learning, and Mendelian randomization analysis, four key pathogenic genes (ESR1, GSK3β, MET, and MMP2) were identified and validated. The research further clarifies how OTA disrupts hormone signaling, metabolic homeostasis, and the tumor immune microenvironment, thereby driving cancer development through multi-pathway synergy. Notably, GSK3β was genetically confirmed for the first time to have a causal relationship with gastric cancer. These gene markers play a central regulatory role in gastric carcinogenesis and demonstrate significant diagnostic potential, providing novel biomarkers and a theoretical foundation for risk prediction and targeted intervention in OTA-associated gastric cancer.

ochratoxin A  /  gastric cancer  /  network toxicology  /  machine learning  /  molecular docking  /  core genes  /  tumor microenvironment
Wei BAI, Zixing QIAN, Guodong HUANG, Xianjun RAO, Xiaoxiao CHEN, Yang YANG, Wei WEI. Integrated analysis of network toxicology, machine learning, and multi-dimensional bioinformatics reveals the toxicological mechanisms of ochratoxin A in gastric carcinogenesis[J]. Mycosystema, 2026 , 45 (4) : 250351 - . DOI: 10.13346/j.mycosystema.250351
Funding
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  • National Key Research and Development Program of China “Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine” Key Project(2023YFC3503600)
  • Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences High-level Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Construction Project - Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Evidence-based Research Project(WJYY-XZKT-2023-06)
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Year 2026 volume 45 Issue 4
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Article Info
doi: 10.13346/j.mycosystema.250351
  • Receive Date：2025-12-08
  • Online Date：2026-04-30
  • Published：2026-04-22
Article Data
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History
  • Received：2025-12-08
  • Accepted：2026-01-29
Funding
National Key Research and Development Program of China “Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine” Key Project(2023YFC3503600)
Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences High-level Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Construction Project - Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Evidence-based Research Project(WJYY-XZKT-2023-06)
Affiliations
    1 Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
    2 Wang Jing Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100102, China
    3 Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China

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Citations
表12种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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