The digital transformation of manufacturing is a necessary path for high-quality economic development and achieving manufacturing strength in China. The level of enterprise digital transformation is deeply influenced by the supply chain network in which it is embedded. The position within the network acts as a key lever for obtaining, integrating, and leveraging digital transformation resources. A supply chain network was constructed using data from Shanghai and Shenzhen A-share manufacturing listed enterprises and their supplier-customer relationships from 2010 to 2022. Network centrality and structural holes were used to measure an enterprise's position in the supply chain network. The impact of network position on enterprise digital transformation was analyzed and tested. It is found that higher network centrality and richer structural holes lead to a higher degree of enterprise digital transformation. Mechanism analysis shows that an advantageous network position promotes digital transformation through benefits such as commercial credit, innovation capability, and government support. Evidence is further provided on how this effect varies based on ownership nature, marketization level, and factor endowments. Additional research indicates that economic policy uncertainty weakens the promoting effect of network position advantages on digital transformation. The conclusions offer a social network perspective for advancing enterprise digital transformation. It also provides references for enterprises to acquire resources and information through supply chain networks to achieve high-quality development.