The marketization of data elements is regarded as a core supporting resource and a new driving engine for the high-quality development of enterprises in the new era. The establishment of national-level Big Data Comprehensive Pilot Zones was used as a quasi-natural experiment, and a multi-period difference-in-differences (DID) model was constructed based on Chinese A-share listed enterprises from 2010 to 2023 to examine the impact on the marketization level of enterprise data elements. It is found that the construction of Big Data Comprehensive Pilot Zones significantly improves the marketization level of data elements of listed enterprises. It is further found that the positive impact is more significant for non-state-owned enterprises, non-high-tech industries, enterprises in the eastern region, and regions with a higher degree of financial openness. In the mechanism analysis, it is shown that the construction of Big Data Comprehensive Pilot Zones promotes the marketization of enterprise data elements by improving resource allocation efficiency and enterprise innovation efficiency, while market transaction efficiency plays a partially negative mediating role. In the spatial spillover analysis, it is shown that the construction of Big Data Comprehensive Pilot Zones significantly inhibits the marketization level of data elements of enterprises in neighboring regions. The findings are expected to provide a new perspective for evaluating the marketization level of enterprise data elements and to offer policy implications for relevant institutions and enterprises.