The new quality productive forces brings new goals, new connotations and new needs for the agricultural development of China. A theoretical framework was proposed for the new quality productive forces of agriculture based on three dimensions, labor factor demand, structural carrying and functional orientation, and on the basis of Marxian political economy. Through the innovative combination of fuzzy comprehensive evaluation and entropy weight method, an evaluation system of agricultural new quality productive forces covering 33 specific indicators is established. Based on the evaluation results and the obstacle degree model, a comprehensive analysis was conducted on the development status, the main obstacle factors, and spatial and temporal variations of agricultural new quality productivity in 30 provinces (Due to the lack of data, the statistical data mentioned here do not include the Tibet Autonomous egion, the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, the Macao Special Administrative Region and Taiwan Province.) and seven geographic regions of China. The results show that the level of new agricultural productivity in China as a whole shows an upward trend and maintains an average annual growth rate of 5.67%, but the northwest and southwest regions are constrained by the economic foundation and resource endowment, and the development is lagging behind. Nowadays, the level of industrial carrying capacity, labor materials and labor objects are insufficient, which become the main factors restricting the development of agricultural new quality productive forces. Finally, a cross-regional modular solution is proposed including four strategies such as transforming economic advantages into technological advantages, cracking the transmission mechanism of different obstacle factors, promoting the rapid development of new agricultural productivity.