Full
Outline
The hydrogen energy industry is constrained by large-scale, low-cost hydrogen production and long-distance storage-transport technologies, while liquid hydrogen is expected to be a key technology for low-cost, efficient hydrogen storage and transportation. A levelized cost model was employed to calculate the costs of the four core processes in the liquid hydrogen industry chain, namely hydrogen production, liquefaction, storage and transportation, and refueling. Combined with sensitivity analysis, it identifies the key factors influencing costs in each process. Furthermore, based on regional resource endowments, the cost differences of the industrial chain was analyzed under different technical routes through multiple sets of typical regional scenarios. Results show significant cost gaps between hydrogen production methods: coke oven gas-based production has lower costs, while renewable energy-powered electrolytic production is relatively higher. Liquefaction consumes substantial electricity, with electricity prices and equipment costs as key constraints, and technological progress aiding cost reduction. For storage and transport process, longer distance lowers unit cost; liquid hydrogen tankers suit long-distance transport, with labor and vehicle purchase costs accounting for a large share. In the refueling process, high-pressure gaseous hydrogen stations cost more than liquid hydrogen ones at the same scale, with land and equipment prices impacting costs significantly. Finally, targeted suggestions for each process are proposed to reduce the overall cost of liquid hydrogen industrial chain and promote the development of the hydrogen energy industry.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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