Based on 1147 facility vegetable farmers in Hebei Province, an analytical framework was constructed to examine the effects of labor constraints and their dimensions on vegetable production. The results showed that labor constraints were key obstacles faced by farmers, and insufficient supply, high costs, and supervision difficulties all reduced vegetable output quality. The degree of impact varied across farm scales, with medium-scale farmers being most sensitive to labor constraints due to limited resources, insufficient flexibility, and high adjustment rigidity. Further analysis indicated that the adoption of labor-saving technologies effectively alleviated the negative effects of labor constraints on vegetable output, with large-scale farmers showing a more significant moderating effect in technology adoption. Empirical evidence was provided for the challenges faced by medium-scale farmers in facility vegetable production, highlighting the need to address structural issues in rural labor allocation and to formulate differentiated management strategies to meet diverse demands for agricultural labor in the process of facility agriculture modernization.