Based on the data of China's Rural Revitalization Survey (CRRS), the influence, mechanism and heterogeneity of agricultural production trusteeship on farmers' common prosperity were analyzed from the perspectives of income and happiness. The results show that the trusteeship of agricultural production has a positive effect on the common prosperity of farmers, and the conclusion is still stable after dealing with the endogenous problem. Heterogeneity analysis shows that agricultural production trusteeship has a significant effect on the common prosperity of different income groups, and there is little difference between the two. The promotion effect of the high human capital group on the common prosperity is more significant. It has a significant positive impact on the common prosperity of small households, but has no significant impact on large-scale households, and plays a distributive effect to promote "sharing". Through the mechanism test, it is found that the income level of farmers is improved by agricultural production trusteeship, which is mainly achieved by increasing crop yield, reducing production cost, expanding operation scale and promoting non-agricultural employment transfer. And by improving farmers' expectations of future income and freedom of choice and action, family happiness can be enhanced. The dual improvement of income and happiness can promote the realization of common prosperity of farmers. These findings have important theoretical and practical significance for the smooth implementation of the trusteeship policy of agricultural production and the continuous improvement of the common prosperity of farmers, also provide new evidence for the research on the relationship between the trusteeship of agricultural production and the common prosperity of farmers.