Based on the data of A-share listed companies in Shanghai and Shenzhen from 2012 to 2022 to measure the level of new quality productive forces of enterprises (NQP), a multi-period difference-in-differences model was constructed to study the impact of data factor agglomeration on the new quality productive forces of enterprises with the national-level big data comprehensive experimental zone as a quasi-natural experiment. It shows that data factor agglomeration promotes the development of new quality productive forces of enterprises, and this conclusion still holds after PSM-DID, placebo test and other robustness tests. Mechanism tests show that data factor agglomeration can empower the development of firms' new quality productive forces by improving human capital level and promoting green technology innovation; with the increase of industry competition and media attention, the role of data factor agglomeration in promoting firms' new quality productive forces increases. Heterogeneity analysis shows that the effect of data factor agglomeration on new productivity of enterprises is more significant in non-state-owned enterprises, technology-intensive enterprises, high-tech industries and regions with better digital infrastructure. The findings provide insights into how to utilize new factors of production to cultivate new productivity.