Disruptive digital innovation is a critical means for enterprises to achieve a competitive edge in the digital economy. It holds significant importance for addressing “technology choke points” and implementing digital innovation strategies in China. Existing research remains at the stage of phenomenological observation, empirical summary, and fragmented studies of individual influencing factors, necessitating a systematic theoretical organization. An overview of disruptive digital innovation in enterprises and the key concerns of existing research was presented. The conceptual connotations of disruptive digital innovation in enterprises were clarified and distinguished from disruptive innovation and digital innovation. The influencing factors and process mechanisms of disruptive digital innovation in enterprises were explored, and an integrated I-P-O research framework was constructed. The outcome effects of disruptive digital innovation on user experience, organizational performance, and social value are summarized. Future research directions are proposed in response to the gaps identified in current studies. These include exploring the multidimensional influencing factors and their interactions, expanding the complex process mechanisms and impact effects of disruptive digital innovation, and extending the mechanism verification and path design of disruptive digital innovation in China's digital context. These suggestions provide ideas and references for further research on disruptive digital innovation in enterprises.