The upgrading of human capital is an important guarantee for the realization of high-quality development of enterprises and a realistic requirement in the period of comprehensive green transformation of the economy. Based on the data of employee skill structure of Chinese A-share listed companies from 2010 to 2022, the data of enterprise green transformation were obtained through text analysis to explore the impact of green transformation on human capital upgrading of enterprises and its impact channels. The results show that green transformation has a significant promotion effect on enterprise human capital upgrading, and this conclusion still holds after a series of robustness tests, such as replacing variables, considering other policy shocks, and instrumental variable tests. The mechanism analysis shows that green transformation can alleviate enterprise liquidity constraints, promote enterprise capital deepening, increase enterprise R&D investment, trigger the creative destruction of different skills, and then promote enterprise human capital upgrading. Additionally, the human capital upgrading effect of green transformation is more obvious in state-owned enterprises, enterprises with high quality of internal control, non-technology-intensive enterprises, and enterprises in eastern regions. The results not only provide thoughts on the relationship between green transformation and human capital upgrading of enterprises, but also offer insights for the realization of the dual goals of economic and environmental benefits in the stage of high-quality development.