High-quality development is the theme of China's economic and social development during the 14th Five-Year Plan period and beyond. Quality is the foundation of establishing a business and the strategy for strengthening the country, as well as the key element and necessary condition for achieving high-quality development in China. Accelerating the construction of a quality powerhouse and improving the level and competitiveness of China's quality development are strategic choices to promote high-quality development. Enterprises are the micro-foundation for reshaping high-quality development and the main body responsible for building a quality powerhouse, while enterprise innovation is crucial for solving the aforementioned challenges. Open innovation can help enterprises break through boundary restrictions, broaden resource bases, and promote the improvement of enterprise innovation performance through knowledge sharing and collaborative innovation. Meanwhile, organizational ambidexterity has gradually become a key factor driving enterprise innovation and achieving technological catch-up and surpassing. Based on the 2018 data of Chinese industrial enterprises, stepwise regression, Sobel test, and Bootstrap test methods were used for empirical verification. The results reveal that open innovation effectively promotes enterprise innovation performance through both knowledge sharing and collaborative innovation, with collaborative innovation having a more significant promoting effect. Open innovation also indirectly affects innovation performance by enhancing enterprise quality management capabilities. The research on the mechanism of open innovation's impact on enterprise innovation performance is expanded from the perspective of quality management at the theoretical level. In practice, the mechanisms through which Chinese manufacturing enterprises enhance innovation performance via open innovation are extended, providing important support and guidance for enterprises to optimize quality management and maximize the outcomes of open innovation practices.