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To investigate the evolution of dimpling and the mechanism of interface separation in bimetal clad pipes under external mechanical loading, a stress model was established. The study analyzed the effects of the ratio of diameter to thickness for the inner and outer pipes, forming pressure, initial forming clearance, and operational internal pressure on dent formation and interface separation. Results indicate that interface separation distance and rebound rate correlate positively with the ratio of diameter to thickness for the inner pipes, forming pressure, and initial forming clearance, and negatively with the ratio of diameter to thickness for the outer pipes. Higher operational internal pressure reduces interface separation but increases rebound rate. Internal pressurization of dented pipes decreases interface separation; for instance, under 2-MPa operating pressure, interface separation is 5% less compared with conditions under 2-MPa pressurization. Additionally, the difference in separation between these conditions decreases with increasing pressure. Adjacent dimpling results in increased interface separation in intermediate pipe segments, causing a broader interface separation area compared with isolated dimpling.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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