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Wenbin Chang is currently pursuing his Joint PhD degree in Civil Engineering at Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China, and Monash University, Australia. He received his BEng degree in Geological Engineering from China University of Mining and Technology in 2018. His areas of research interest include large-scale geohazard modeling, mechanism analysis, and risk assessment, via methods such as DEM, SPH, and laboratory experiments. His PhD thesis work focuses on the initiation mechanism and propagation behavior of rock-ice avalanches in high-latitude mountainous areas.
Outline
The mixed rock-ice deposits in high-latitude areas usually come from the accumulation of rock-ice avalanches. Melting tests and temperature-controlled triaxial tests were conducted on rock-ice mixture samples with varying volumetric ice contents (0.25, 0.5, and 0.75), environment temperatures (0.5 ℃, 1 ℃, and 1.5 ℃), and temperature control durations (20 min, 40 min, and 60 min), aiming to investigate the thermodynamic behavior of rock-ice mixed deposits under an ablation environment. Our findings reveal that the melting behavior of rock-ice mixtures mainly occurs in the surface layer; then, ice meltwater transports along the surface seepage path to the bottom of the sample. Notably, the basal meltwater gathering zone leads to accelerated melting of the ice debris, and the cohesion and occlusion between the rock debris in this zone almost disappear, ultimately resulting in severe basal damage. Triaxial test results indicate that the basal damaged zone leads to an easy initial compression process of the rock-ice mixture samples and forms a basal strain effect. Statistics show that ice content, environment temperature, and temperature control duration all show a negative impact on the mixture's peak strength in thaw environments, which also exacerbates the basal strain effect, with a maximum basal strain of 8.61% and a corresponding mass loss ratio of 28.69%. Finally, the mechanisms of the secondary sliding of the mixed deposits and the failure mode of the rock-ice deposit dams induced by ice debris melting were discussed.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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