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Characterizing particle crushing behavior of dry granular soils by acoustic emission
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Wenli Lina, b, c, Shuyu Tianc, d, Deqi Hea, Xiao Kangc, d, Yuhang Chena, Ang Liua, *, Maqsood Zaine, Junichi Kosekif
Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering | 2026, 18(5) : 4050 - 4063
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Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering | 2026, 18(5): 4050-4063
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Characterizing particle crushing behavior of dry granular soils by acoustic emission
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Wenli Lina, b, c, Shuyu Tianc, d, Deqi Hea, Xiao Kangc, d, Yuhang Chena, Ang Liua, *, Maqsood Zaine, Junichi Kosekif
Affiliations
  • aDepartment of Geological Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211800, China
  • bDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
  • cSchool of Transportation, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
  • dAdvanced Ocean Institute of Southeast University, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
  • eSchool of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
  • fDepartment of Civil Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan

    • Dr. Ang Liu is an Associate Professor at the School of Transportation Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, China. He holds dual PhD degrees in Geological Engineering from Tongji University, China, and Intelligent Mechanical Systems from Tokushima University, Japan. His research interests include time-dependent mechanical behavior and constitutive modeling of rocks, macro-and micro-scale mechanical properties of granular materials, and acoustic emission-based intelligent sensing in geotechnical engineering. Specializing in geotechnical testing and numerical simulation, Dr. Liu has developed particular expertise in stress relaxation behavior, soil-structure interaction, and particle breakage mechanisms in geomaterials.

Published: 2026-05-25 doi: 10.1016/j.jrmge.2025.07.039
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This study investigates particle crushing mechanisms in granular soils during shearing through staged triaxial compression experiments performed at prescribed axial strains and varying confining stresses, integrating a high-performance acoustic emission (AE) measurement system. The study analyzed particle crushing-related parameters using grain size distribution (GSD)-based indices (relative breakage index Br and its rate ΔBr) and AE-based parameters (high-frequency AE hits and hit rates ). The results confirm the feasibility of high-frequency AEs (>100 kHz) in comprehensive quantification of particle crushing, with a strong linear relationship observed between and Br. Significant particle crushing occurs within the initial 5 % of axial strain, which correlates with the yielding and peak-stress phases. This process yields fragments with a size range of 0.425-2 mm. Increased confining stresses result in a steady rise in Br and , suggesting that large strains are required for stable particle grading. The evolution trends of different high-frequency AE ranges reveal a shift to complex crushing mechanisms, such as particle abrasion/grinding and corner breakage/particle splitting, highlighting the role of stress and strain levels in influencing particle damage behavior.

Granular materials  /  Particle crushing  /  Acoustic emission (AE)  /  Frequency response  /  Particle damage behavior
Wenli Lin, Shuyu Tian, Deqi He, Xiao Kang, Yuhang Chen, Ang Liu, Maqsood Zain, Junichi Koseki. Characterizing particle crushing behavior of dry granular soils by acoustic emission[J]. Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, 2026 , 18 (5) : 4050 -4063 . DOI: 10.1016/j.jrmge.2025.07.039
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  • National Natural Science Foundation of China(42472347)
  • Research Fund for Advanced Ocean Institute of Southeast University (General Program)(GP202406)
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Year 2026 volume 18 Issue 5
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Article Info
doi: 10.1016/j.jrmge.2025.07.039
  • Receive Date：2025-03-06
  • Online Date：2026-06-17
  • Published：2026-05-25
Article Data
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History
  • Received：2025-03-06
  • Revised：2025-06-03
  • Accepted：2025-07-10
Funding
National Natural Science Foundation of China(42472347)
Research Fund for Advanced Ocean Institute of Southeast University (General Program)(GP202406)
Affiliations
    aDepartment of Geological Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211800, China
    bDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
    cSchool of Transportation, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
    dAdvanced Ocean Institute of Southeast University, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
    eSchool of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
    fDepartment of Civil Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan

Corresponding:

* Corresponding author. E-mail address: (A. Liu).
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Citations
表12种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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