Maintaining optimal crop nutritional levels is crucial for maximizing yield and enhancing stress resistance. In addition to the 17 essential nutrients, there are many plant-beneficial elements: silicon, aluminum, selenium, titanium, iodine, vanadium, cobalt, sodium, and rare earth elements. They are not essential for all plants, but some are crucial for specific plant species. However, the mechanisms of action of many beneficial elements are still unclear, and products containing beneficial elements have not been widely accepted and used by the public. This review systematically summarizes the current knowledge of plant-beneficial elements. Most importantly, we offer suggestions for future research on beneficial elements, which include integrating cross-disciplinary and innovative technologies, expanding the scope of application and elemental spies, broadening the spatial and temporal scales of research, incorporating beneficial elements into the soil health evaluation system, and shifting from single to multi-element applications. In the future, research on beneficial elements should be closely centered around “mechanism+application” to meet the ever-increasing demands driven by population growth, improve human health, tackle environmental challenges, and promote rural economic development.

The development of wheat cultivars with improved nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) use efficiency is essential for sustainable agriculture. Genetic dissection and identification of causative genes underlying nutrient use efficiency represent a key strategy toward this goal. We conducted an extensive genome-wide association study (GWAS) using a panel of 431 wheat cultivars, identifying 1,659 significant single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (LOD>5) through genotyping-by-sequencing. This analysis revealed 534 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with 12 nutrient use efficiency traits across five distinct environments, among which 14 QTLs were consistently detected in at least three environments. Notably, meta-QTL analysis, showed that QTL80 (72.12–74.24 Mb, chr2A), QTL387 (32.88–33.56 Mb, chr6A), and QTL500 (535.53–540.80 Mb, chr7B) exhibit clear co-localization with MQTL-2A-2, MQTL-6A-1, and MQTL-7B-2, respectively. This overlap highlights their robustness across diverse environmental conditions. Within these regions, critical candidate genes - including members of the bZIP transcription factor family and a potassium transporter gene - were identified in relation to nutrient use efficiency. Furthermore, a novel locus, QTL234, was discovered, harboring key candidate genes such as dof zinc finger protein, Ankyrin repeat family protein, and cytochrome P450. To validate the SNP within QTL234 associated with nitrogen harvest index (NHI), we developed a dCAPS marker for AX-109095537. These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of high-resolution SNP-based GWAS in rapidly pinpointing promising candidate genes. They also establish a foundation for large-scale QTL fine mapping, candidate gene validation, and the development of functional markers essential for enhancing nutrient use efficiency in wheat breeding programs.

Structural variation is an important source of genetic variation in wheat and have been important in the evolution of the wheat’s genome. Few studies have examined the relationship between structural variations and agronomy and drought tolerance. The present study identified structural chromosome variations (SCVs) in a doubled haploid (DH) population and backcross introgression lines (BC₅F₃) derived from Jinmai 47 and Jinmai 84 using fluorescence insituhybridization (FISH). There are one simple translocation, 10 present/absent variations (PAVs), and one copy number variation (CNV) between Jinmai 47 and Jinmai 84, which distributed in 10 chromosomes. Eight SCVs were associated with 15 agronomic traits. A PAV recombination occurred on chromosome 2A, which was associated with grain number per spike (GNS). The 1BL/1RS translocation and PAV.2D were associated with significant reductions in plant height, deriving from the effects on LI2-LI4, LI2-LI4 and UI, respectively respectively. PAV.2D was also contributed to an increase of 3.13% for GNS, 1BL/1RS significantly increased spikelet number, grain length (GL), and grain thickness (GT). The effect of PAV.4A.1 on GL, PAV.6A on spike length (SL) and thousand-grain weight (TGW), PAV.6B on SL, GT and TGW were identified and verified. PAVs on chromosomes 2A, 6A, 1D, 2D, and a CNV on chromosome 4B were associated with the drought tolerance coefficients. Additive and interaction effects among SCVs were observed. Many previously cloned key genes and yield-related QTL were found in polymorphic regions of PAV.2B, PAV.2D, and CNV.4B. Altogether, this study confirmed the genetic effect of SCVs on agronomy and drought tolerance, and identification of these SCVs will facilitate genetic improvement of wheat through marker-assisted selection.

Leaf morphology constitutes a key component of the ideotype, and optimal leaf rolling contributes to compact plant architecture. Rapeseed (Brassica napus) is an important oilseed crop; however, the genetic mechanisms underlying leaf shape development remain poorly understood, and corresponding germplasm resources for genetic improvement are limited. In this study, we identified a dominant mutant, INSIDE-ROLLING LEAF1(IRL1), which exhibits inward leaf rolling due to defective mesophyll cell development. The mutant also displays drooping siliques and a semi-dwarf phenotype, accompanied by a reduction of one to two effective branches. Through map-based cloning and functional complementation assays, we confirmed BnaC02G0201100ZSasthe causal gene IRL1. This gene encodes LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARIES DOMAIN6 (BnaC02.LBD6). The phenotypic alterations in the IRL1mutant result from elevated expression of BnaC02.LBD6, driven by a single nucleotide substitution within a DNA binding site in its promoterregion. Overexpression of BnaC02.LBD6recapitulated the IRL1mutantphenotype, confirming its functional role. Haplotype analysis revealed a rare allelic variant in the BnaC02.LBD6promoter associated with the unique leaf morphology of IRL1. Transcriptomic profiling indicated significant differential expression of genes involved in adaxial–abaxial leaf polarity establishment, secondary metabolic pathways, and hormone signaling networks. Our findings provide novel insights into the genetic regulation of leaf morphogenesis in rapeseed andoffer valuable genetic resources for optimizing plant architecture in breeding programs.

High yield remains the primary objective of peanut breeding. Key yield components, 100-pod weight (HPW), 100-seed weight (HSW), and shelling percentage (SP), are critical determinants of overall productivity. This study aimed to construct a high-density linkage map using resequencing data from recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from a cross between ‘Silihong’ (Arachishypogaeavar. fastigiate) and ‘Jinonghei 3’ (A.hypogaeavar. hypogaea). The resulting map comprised 4,499 bins distributed across 20 chromosomes, spanning a total length of 1,712.32 cM with an average inter-marker distance of 0.38 cM. A total of 46 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were identified across three environments. Major QTLs, including qHPW5.2, qHPW18.1, qSP7.1, qSP8.1, qSP8.2, qSP18.1, and qSP18.2, explained phenotypic variation (PVE) of 12.04, 11.41, 16.53, 24.17, 10.49, 10.82, and 29.89%, respectively. Fourteen QTLs detected across multiple environments were considered stable. Notably, one QTLregion (qHPW7, qHSW7.1, and qSP7) was associated with all three traits, accounting for PVE values of 8.91, 9.04, and 16.53% for HPW, HSW, and SP, respectively. To validate the accuracy of QTL mapping, a genome-wide association study(GWAS) was conducted using the US mini-core collection. Across two environments, 115 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were significantly associated with HPW, HSW, and SP in the association panel. Six SNPs were linked to two traits, explaining an average phenotypic variation of 13.84%. Integration of both mapping populationsrevealed that AX-176802178, detected on chromosome 7 in the association panel and associated with SP, was located within the confidence interval of QTL qSP7defined by the recombined inbred lines (RIL) population. Furthermore, three KASP markers were developed and validated in peanut landraces and cultivated varieties. These findings provide valuable insights into the genetic architecture underlying HPW, HSW, and SP, and offer useful molecular tools for marker-assisted selection in peanut breeding programs.

Lodging is a primary factor limiting rice grain yield. Achieving synergistic improvements in grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) without increasing lodging risk has been a global research priority. In this study, two rice cultivars-Yongyou 2640 (indica–japonicahybrid rice) and Jinxiangyu 1 (inbred japonicarice)-were evaluated in field experiments conducted over two growing seasons. Six nitrogen management strategies were implemented: no nitrogen (T1), conventional urea (T2), controlled-release nitrogen (CRN) (T3), reduction of CRN (T4), CRN combined with single basal application of conventional urea (T5), and CRN combined with split applications of conventional urea (T6). Compared with T2, the integrated nitrogen strategies (T5 and T6) increased NUE by 4.89–5.69% and grain yield by 3.41–4.65%. These treatments also enhanced structural integrity of the second basal internode, evidenced by increased carbohydrate content, internode breaking strength, epidermal silicon layer thickness, number of large and small vascular bundles, and thickness of both parenchymatous and mechanical tissues. Concurrently, internode length, bending moment, and lodging index were reduced. Collectively, these findings indicate that integrating CRN with conventional urea improves morphological, mechanical, physicochemical, and anatomical properties of the second basal internode, thereby enhancing stem strength and enabling high yield and NUE without compromising lodging resistance.

The rice ratooning system has attracted increasing attention in southern China due to its low carbon emissions and high yield potential. However, the net carbon budget and underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Three rice cropping systems were established in this trial experiment conducted from 2021 to 2022 in Fuzhou (25°05´N, 119°13´E), Southeast China: ratooning rice (RR: MC+RSR) patternfor rice ratooning, single-cropping rice (LR₁), and double-cropping rice (DC: ER+LR₂). The closed static dark box gas collection, dry matter determination, life cycle assessment (LCA) etc. approaches were utilized to investigate the mechanism of “high carbon fixation–low emissions” mechanism in RR. A comprehensive assessment was conducted across multiple dimensions, including crop yield, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, carbon and nitrogen footprints, resource use efficiency, carbon sequestration capacity, and carbon budget balance. Results showed that the average daily yield of ratoon season rice (RSR) across RR treatments from 2021 to 2022 was 28.21–47.40% higher than that of the main crop (MC) and LR₁, and the average daily yield of RR was 13.50–27.76% higher than DC. This yield advantage was attributed to a 32.32–39.26% increase in the allocation of ¹³C-labeled photosynthetic products (includingnon-structural carbohydrates, NSCs) to panicle organs, and a 21.77–43.51% reduction in allocation to underground roots and soil. Furthermore, the average daily global warming potential (GWP) was 16.44kg CO₂-eq ha^–1for RR, 24.99kg CO₂-eq ha^–1for LR₁, and 21.32 kg CO₂-eq ha^–1for DC. Specifically, the average daily GWP of ratoon rice was 34.21% lower than that of LR₁and 22.90% lower than double-cropping rice. Similarly, the average daily greenhouse gas intensity (GHGI) of ratoon rice was 62.28% lower than LR₁and 28.96% lower than double-cropping rice. In terms of carbon and nitrogen footprints, the ratoon rice system exhibited average daily values of 34.54kg CO₂-eq ha^–1and 0.47kg N ha^–1, respectively. In comparison, LR₁had values of 45.63kg CO₂-eq ha^–1and 0.49kg N ha^–1, while double-cropping rice showed 43.38kg CO₂-eq ha^–1and 0.53kg N ha^–1. These values represent reductions of 24.30% in carbon footprint and 4.28% in nitrogen footprint relative to LR₁, and 20.38 and 11.45% relative to double-cropping rice, respectively. Moreover, the averageannual carbon budget surplus across systems was 22,380.01kg CO₂-eq ha^–1for ratoon rice (MC+RSR), 11,228.54kg CO₂-eq ha^–1for LR₁, and 23,772.15kg CO₂-eq ha^–1for DC. Consequently, the resource utilization efficiency of the RR was 24.42 and 47.50% higher than that of single-cropping and double-cropping systems, respectively. Average daily economic returns also increased by 32.71 and 80.75%, respectively. These findings provide a robust theoretical foundation and practical guidance for advancing agricultural carbon neutrality technologies and ensuring food security.

In maize production, the development of density-tolerant and lodging-resistant varieties has made dense planting an effective strategy for achieving high and stable yields, with superior hybrids serving as a prerequisite for successful high-density cultivation. However, the photosynthetic mechanisms underlying improved density tolerance in maize hybrids released across different eras in China remain unclear. This study investigates 40years of breeding progress toward enhanced photosynthetic traits under varying planting densities and elucidates the physiological and ecological bases of improved density tolerance in maize hybrids. A three-year field experiment was conducted from 2019 to 2021 to compare eight major Chinese hybrids from four decadal cohorts under three planting densities: 45,000 (D1), 67,500 (D2), and 90,000 (D3) plants ha⁻¹. At high density (D3), modern hybrids exhibited a more optimal canopy architecture and superior leaf photosynthetic performance compared to older hybrids, despite a slight reduction in specific leaf nitrogen. Notably, modern hybrids (2000s) were able to maintain higher net photosynthetic rates and photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency (PNUE) at D3, resulting in the highest grain yield (GY), which was 118.47% greater than that of older hybrids (1970s). Leaf area duration after anthesis, total chlorophyll content, key photosynthetic enzyme activities, and maximumquantum efficiency of PSII photochemistry were all positively correlated with GY. Among these, PNUE showed the strongest correlation with grain yield and thus represents a key indicator for optimizing maize hybrids. Based on these findings, breeders should continue selecting hybrids under high-densityand suboptimal conditions, focusing on optimizing population architecture and enhancing photosynthetic capacity while fine-tuning leaf nitrogen status to develop high-yielding, density-tolerant hybrids capable of sustaining long-term increases in maize grain yield.

Flavonoids produced by legume roots act as signaling molecules that induce the expression of nod genes in symbiotic rhizobia. However, the role of flavonoids in root exudates under intercropping systems in promoting soybean nodulation remains unclear. Two consecutive years of field experiments were conducted using maize–soybean strip intercropping with interspecific row spacings of 30cm (MS30), 45cm (MS45), and 60cm (MS60), along with sole cropping of soybean(SS) and maize (MM). Root interactions were manipulated using either no root barrier (NB) or a polyethylene plastic barrier (PB) to assess the relationship between flavonoids in root exudates and soybean nodulation. We found that root–root interaction between soybean and maize increased nodule number and fresh weight in intercropped soybean, with enhancement gradually increasing as interspecific distancewidened. The proportion of nodules with diameters exceeding 0.4cm was higher in intercropped soybean under NB compared to PB. Additionally, the expression of nodule-related genes-GmENOD40, GmNIN2b, and GmEXPB2-was up-regulated. Furthermore, compared to monocropping, isoflavone secretion by soybean roots decreased, whereas flavonoid and flavonol secretion by both maize and soybean roots increased under intercropping. The abundance of differentially secreted flavonoid metabolites in the rhizosphere of both species declined when rootcontact was prevented by the barrier. In soybean roots, the expression of GmCHS8and GmIFS1was up-regulated, while GmICHGwas down-regulated under root interaction. Most flavonoid and flavonol compounds showed positive correlations with nodule diameter. Nodule number, fresh weight, and the proportion of nodules larger than 0.2cm increased in diverse soybean genotypes treated with maize root exudates, which contributed to enhanced nitrogen fixation capacity. Therefore, maize–soybean strip intercropping, combined with optimal row spacing, enhances the positive effects of underground root interactions and improves nodulation and nitrogen fixation in intercropped soybean.

Hydraulic theory predicts a positive coupling between leaf hydraulic conductance (K_leaf) and stomatal conductance (g_s); however, this theory has not been fully supported by observations, and underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Partitioning K_leafinto inside-xylem (K_x) and outside-xylem (K_ox) components offers a refined framework for elucidating the regulation of g_sby leaf hydraulics. While optimal planting density may enhance water use efficiency (WUE) through modulation of g_s, corresponding changes in leaf hydraulic properties and their influence on gas exchange remain unclear. We examined relationships among K_x, K_ox, g_s, leaf photosynthetic rate (A_N), and WUE, and analyzed the structural determinants of K_ox in cotton grown under eight planting densities: 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, and 84 plants m^–2. Results showed that as planting density increased, K_leafand A_Nremained stable, whereas K_oxand g_sdeclined significantly. Leaf thickness and the volume fraction of inter-cellular air space were key structural factors influencing K_ox. Neither K_leafnor K_xcorrelated with A_Nor g_s; however, K_oxexhibited a significant positive correlation with g_s. Furthermore, K_oxwas negatively correlated with WUE. These findings indicate that K_oxmodulates g_sto minimize water loss without compromising A_N, thereby enhancing WUE in cotton across varying planting densities.

Softening of fleshy fruits during ripening and postharvest is a programmed physiological process that substantially impacts fruit quality and shelf life. However, the molecular mechanism underlying peach softening remains largely unknown.Lateral organ boundary (LOB) domain (LBD) proteins are pivotal regulators of plant growth and development. To date, certain LOB/LBD transcription factors are seemingly implicated in fruit softening. In this study, we identified 42 LOB/LBDgenes in the peach genome. Expression analysis showed a significant upregulation of PpLOB1transcripts toward peach fruit ripening. PpLOB1 was classified into Class II subgroup, and showed high sequence similarity to several softening-related LOB/LBD transcription factors. Transient transformation assays showed that PpLOB1positively modulates peach softening. Further experiments demonstrated that PpLOB1 directly targets and activates the promoters of pectatelyase1(PpPL1) and PpPL15, thereby contributing to the regulation of fruit softening. Additionally, PpNAP4 up-regulates PpLOB1expression by binding to its promoter. Meanwhile, our findings revealed that PpNAP4 and PpNAP6 cooperatively modulate the expression of PpLOB1. Taken together, our findings revealed a novel regulatory module involving PpNAP4 and PpLOB1 that modulates peach fruit softening.

Cold stress represents a critical constraint on crop productivity, particularly in temperate climates. Despite the established role of abscisic acid (ABA) in cold stress responses, the precise mechanisms through which transcription factors mediate ABA-dependent cold tolerance remain elusive. Here, we identify VaMYB4a, a MYBtranscription factor from VitisamurensisRupr. (Amur grape), as a key regulator of cold tolerance. It integrates ABA signaling with the CBF(C-repeat binding factors)-COR(cold-regulated) pathway to orchestrate cold stress adaptation. Through a combination of overexpression and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout lines in Arabidopsisthaliana, grape callus, and Vitisvinifera L. seedlings, we demonstrate that VaMYB4aenhances freezing tolerance by promoting osmotic regulation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging, and stomatal closure. VaMYB4a functions as a homo-dimer, with its C-terminal domain being essential for transcriptional activation. Mechanistically, VaMYB4a directly upregulates CBFand CORgenes while fine-tuning ABA signaling components such as ABI1and ABF4. Notably, ABA exhibits a dual role: enhancing VaMYB4a-mediated freezing tolerance under short-term stress but attenuating its effects during prolonged cold exposure, revealing an intricate regulatory crosstalk between cold and hormonal pathways. Our work not only advances the molecular understanding of cold adaptation but also provides a promising genetic target for developing stress-resilient grape varieties to mitigate the impacts of climate change.

Heat stress reduces theanine content in tea plants, but the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. In this study, a temperature gradient treatment (20°C, 25°C, 30°C, and 35°C) was performed to unveil the effect of heat stress on biosynthesis and accumulation of theanine. We found that heat stress induced metabolic changes, characterized by decreased theanine content and increased catechin levels. In addition, heat stress up-regulated the expression of the class B heat shock transcription factor gene CsHSFB2c, while significantly suppressing the transcription of key theanine biosynthetic genes CsTS1and CsGS1. Functional studies showed that silencing CsHSFB2cincreased theanine content, while its overexpression significantly decreased theanine levels. Consistent with these changes, silencing CsHSFB2cupregulated the expression of CsTS1and CsGS1, while overexpression of CsHSFB2cdownregulated their expression. Yeast one-hybrid (Y1H) and dual-luciferase reporter gene (Dual-LUC) assays showed that CsHSFB2c directly binds to the promoters of CsTS1and CsGS1and inhibits their expression. These results demonstrate that CsHSFB2c mediates heat-induced suppression of theanine biosynthesis by directly inhibiting the expression of CsTS1and CsGS1. This study provides a theoretical basis for improving the heat resistance and quality of tea plants viamolecular breeding.

Caffeic acid-O-methyltransferase (COMT) is a crucial enzyme in the phenylpropanoid metabolic pathway, with significant roles in both the lignin and coumarin pathways. The function of COMTin plant disease resistance has been demonstrated in several species. Our research identified the potato COMTgene family on a genome-wide scale and StCOMT1as a candidate gene for enhancing potato disease resistance under DON induction through phylogenetic analyses combined with previously identified metabolic differences and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) results. In order to better understand the function of StCOMT1, heterologous expression and overexpression assays were conducted. StCOMT1 is localized in chloroplasts and was found to catalyze the methylation of substrates to produce ferulic acid and melatonin in vitro. Physiological parameters showed that, compared with wild-type potato plants, StCOMT1-overexpressing plants infected with Fusariumsporotrichioidesexhibited smaller lesion areas and lower reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and RT-qPCR analyses revealed organ-specific accumulation of coumarin-related compounds and organ-specific expression of their corresponding genes in StCOMT1-overexpressing plants post-inoculation. The results indicate that StCOMT1overexpression in potatoes enhanced resistance to F. sporotrichioidesby enhancing reactive oxygen species clearance and promoting organ-specific accumulation of coumarin-related compounds.

Flavonols possess significant medical value and are essential for plant stress resistance. These compounds constitute primary components of the nutritional value in onions, particularly in edible portions. While the flavonol biosynthetic pathway has been extensively studied, its regulatory mechanisms in onions remain incompletely understood. This investigation identified flavonol biosynthesis and regulatory genes through analysis of transcriptome and metabolomics data from different developmental stages of ‘SA1’. Two R2R3-MYB transcription factors, AcMYB12 and AcMYB29, were identified as positive regulators of onion flavonol biosynthesis. Transcriptional activation assays demonstrated that both could activate AcCHS, AcF3´H, and AcFLS.Yeast one-hybrid assays confirmed their direct binding to these gene promoters. The expression levels of flavonol pathway genes and flavonol contents in AcMYB12/AcMYB29-overexpressing onion calli and Arabidopsis plants were significantly higher than those in the control group. Transient silencing assays revealed partial functional redundancy between these two transcription factors. Notably, their regulatory capabilities exhibited significant differences. AcMYB12 predominantly regulates flavonol accumulation, while AcMYB29 specifically influences quercetin. Further investigation of the molecular mechanisms underlying differential regulation indicated variations in cis-elements within flavonol pathway gene promoters and differences in binding activity between transcription factors and cis-elements.

Fusarium head blight (FHB), mainly caused by fungus Fusariumgraminearum, is a devastating wheat disease worldwide, leading to reduced yield production and compromised grain quality due to contamination by mycotoxins, such as deoxynivalenol (DON). Manipulating the specific gene expression in microorganisms through RNA interference (RNAi) presents an opportunity for new-generation double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-based formulations to combat a large number of plant diseases. Here, we applied both spray-induced gene silencing (SIGS) and host-induced gene silencing (HIGS) to target five virulence-related and DON-synthesized genes in F.graminearum, including protein kinase gene Gpmk1, zinc finger protein gene FgChy1, transcription factor FgSR, DON synthesis gene TRI5and the cell-end marker protein gene FgTeaA, aiming to effectively control FHB in wheat. Direct spraying of individual or combined small interfering RNA (siRNAs) from the fungus showed reduced expression of target genes and suppressed pathogenic symptoms during F.graminearuminfection in wheat leaves, with the combination of all five siRNAs demonstrating superior resistance. Furthermore, we generated transgenic wheat lines expressing chimeric RNAi cassettes targeting these five genes, and two independent lines exhibited strong resistance to FHB and Fusarium crown rot, and the reduced DON accumulation. Notably, the HIGS transgenic lines did not adversely impact plant growth and yield traits. Collectively, our findings support that SIGS and HIGS represent effective strategies targeting key pathogenic genes for bolstering disease resistance in crops.

Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), a precursor in nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) biosynthesis, has long been recognized for its pivotal role in medicine. Recent investigations have suggested its potential as a plant immunity inducer for controlling fungal diseases. However, whether NMN confers plant broad-spectrum resistance against diverse phytopathogens, and its underlying mechanisms remain ambiguous. In this study, we investigate the effect of NMN against multiple phytopathogens in tobacco. Our results demonstrate that tobacco pretreated with NMN exhibits enhanced resistance against RalstoniasolanacearumCQPS-1, PseudomonassyringaeDC3000 ΔhopQ1-1, Phytophthoraparasitica, and tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). NMN displays effectiveness within the concentration range of 50–600μmol L^–1, with 75μmol L^–1NMN exhibiting the most pronounced effect. The impact of NMN pretreatmentcould persist for up to 10 days. Beyond tobacco, NMN pretreatment enhances disease resistance in tomato and pepper plants against diverse pathogens, underscoring NMN’s capacity to confer broad-spectrum disease resistance in crops. Moreover, RT-qPCR analysis reveals that NMN significantly upregulates the expression of the pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) marker gene NbCYP71D20and salicylic acid (SA) marker gene NbPR1a. This suggests that NMN enhances plant resistance by inducing both PTI and SA-mediated immunity. Interestingly, the positive impactof NMN on plant disease resistance is not significantly compromised in both NMNadenylyltransferase(NMNAT)-silenced plants and NAD receptor mutant lecrk-I.8, suggesting the existence of NAD-independent signaling pathways for NMN-induced plant immunity. In conclusion, our study establishes that the bioactive molecule NMN imparts broad-spectrum disease resistance in plants, offering a simple, environmental-friendly, and promising strategy for safeguarding crops against diverse phytopathogens. These findings also provide valuable insights for future in-depth studies into the functional mechanisms of NMN.

The Loxostegesticticalis(Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) is a major migratory pest of agriculture and animal husbandry in Asia and Europe. Utilizing plant volatile organic compounds (pVOCs) as attractants for monitoring and controlling pests is considered an environmentally friendly and effective method. However, limited knowledge exists regarding applying pVOCsto manage L.sticticalis. Here, volatile compounds released byChenopodiumalbum, Setariaviridis, and Medicagosativa,the three preferred oviposition plantsforL.sticticalisfemales,were collectedusing dynamic headspace sampling techniques. A total of 55distinctcompounds were identified through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and16 compounds in the concentration range from 0.001 to 100 µg µL^–1elicited consistently enhanced electrophysiological responses in both male and female L.sticticalis. Subsequently, the attraction potential of four bioactive compounds-linalool, cis-anethole, trans-2-hexenal, and 1-octen-3-ol-were further confirmed by indoor behavioral bioassays. The blends of linalool, cis-anethole, trans-2-hexenal, and 1-octen-3-ol mixed at ratios of 5:1:5:10 (formulation No. 25) and 5:1:1:10 (formulation No. 21) were highly attractive to L.sticticalisadults. Field-trapping assays indicated that lure No. 2 baited with formulation 21 demonstrated superior efficacy in field trapping. These findings suggest that pVOC-based attractants can be effectively employed for monitoring and mass trapping L.sticticalisadults, providing insights into the development of botanical attractants.

Plant viruses pose significant threats to agriculture, with many vectored by insect pests. The entry of viruses and their encoded proteins into the host nucleus is a critical step for promoting some viral replication and enabling systemic infection. Laodelphaxstriatellus, also known as the small brown planthopper (SBPH), is an efficient vector for rice stripe virus (RSV), one of the most damaging viruses of rice. In this study, we demonstrate that RSV infection induces the expression of genes in both the classical and non-classical nuclear import pathways of SBPH. A gene belonging to the importin β family, importin5(LsIPO5), was upregulated by 84% in SBPH midguts infected with RSV. The nuclear localization signal (NLS, ¹⁶⁸YRSPSKKRHKYV¹⁷⁹) is located within the nonstructural protein NS3 directly bound to LsIPO5, thereby facilitating NS3 nuclear entry. Moreover, a RING-type E3 ligase (LsRING) in SBPH, which mediated the ubiquitination of NS3 in the insect vector, enhanced NS3 binding to LsIPO5 and facilitated NS3 perinuclear localization. Combined treatment of SBPH with both dsIPO5and dsRINGsignificantly reduced RSV loads, highlighting the importance of LsIPO5 and NS3 ubiquitination cooperation in facilitating viral replication. Our findings provide new insights into synergistic molecular mechanisms that govern RSV infection and suggest potential therapeutic targets to control viral transmission through their insect vectors.

The significance of purine base content as an important nutrition indicator in foods arises from its potential to trigger hyperuricemia or gout viahigh-purine diet. Livestock meats, including pork, generally contain moderate to high total purine content (TP). Recent research revealed substantial variations within and across pig breeds, implying genetic factors influencing this trait. Thus, this study aimed to unravel the genetic underpinnings governing purine base content in pork. The heritability estimates (h²) for the four purine traits ranged from 0.14 to 0.35. A total of 14, 36, 19 and 25 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were identified for guanine, adenine, hypoxanthine, and TP, respectively. Our comprehensive gene set enrichment analysis and gene network analysis revealed 15 promising candidate genes intricately interwoven within diverse purine metabolism pathways, such as purine ribonucleotide metabolic process, purine nucleotide metabolism and transport, and purine salvage pathways, all contributing to TP. Strikingly, most genetic variants significantly associated with TP displayed analogous effects on multiple purine bases. Two distinct and highly significant QTLs (P<10^–12) emerged on Susscrofachromosome (SSC) 12: one impacting guanine content and the other concurrently influencing adenine and hypoxanthine levels. The peak of the guanine QTL on SSC12 resided 1.1 kb downstream of the transmembrane protein 238 like (TMEM238L) gene and is encapsulated within a genomic segment characterized by the histone modification H3K27me3. Focused fine-mapping for the SSC12 QTL associated with adenine and hypoxanthine levels narrowed its scope to around 172 kb, encompassing the growth arrest specific 7 (GAS7) and myosin heavy chain 13 (MYH13) genes. However, the observed QTL effect was not attributed to any missense mutations within the two genes. This pioneering study unveils the genetic variations and candidate genes associated with purine content in livestock, laying a robust foundation for the selective breeding of pig lines with reduced purine base content.

Genetic improvement of meat production traits has always been the primary goal of pig breeding. Geographical isolation, natural and artificial selection led to significant differences in the phenotypes of meat production traits between Chinese local pigs and Western commercial pigs. Comparative genomics and transcriptomics analysis provided powerful tools to identify genetic variants and genes associated with skeletal muscle growth. However, the number of available genetic variants and genes are still limited. In this study, a comprehensive comparison of transcriptomes showed that ribosomal protein S27-like (RPS27L)gene was highly expressed in skeletal muscle and up-regulated in Chinese local pigs when compared with Western commercial pigs. Functional analysis revealed that overexpression of RPS27Lpromoted myoblast proliferation and repressed differentiation in pig skeletal muscle cells. Conversely, the knockdown of RPS27Lled to the inhibition of myoblast proliferation and the promotion of differentiation. Notably, a 13-bp insertion-deletion (InDel) mutation was identified within the RPS27Lpromoter, inserted in Chinese local breeds and predominantly deleted in Western commercial breeds. Luciferase reporter assay suggested this InDel modulated RPS27Lexpression by influencing transcription factor 3 (TCF3) and myogenic differentiation antigen (MYOD) binding to the promoter. Furthermore, a positive correlation was observed between RPS27Lexpression and backfat thickness. Association studies demonstrated this InDel was significantly associated with the body weight of pigs at the age of 240 d. Together, our results suggested that RPS27Lwas a regulator of skeletal muscle development and growth, and was a candidate marker for improving meat production traits in pigs. This study not only provided a biomarker for animal breeding, but also was helpful for understanding skeletal muscle development and muscular disease in humans.

Myostatin (MSTN) is principally expressed in skeletal muscle and negatively regulates muscle growth and development. MSTN mutation can induce muscle overgrowth in cattle by activating cell proliferation, presenting a “double-muscle” phenotype. However, the specific regulatory mechanism is still unclear. Here, we found that Ca²⁺content in muscle tissue and muscle satellite cells of MSTN mutated (MSTN^–/–) cattle were significantly increased compared to wild-type (WT). Furthermore, transcriptome analysis of muscle satellite cells revealed that TRPC4 was significantly increased in MSTN^–/– cattle. And the expression of TRPC4 in muscle tissue of MSTN^–/–cattle was detected by RT-qPCR and Western blot, which was significantly higher than that of WT. These results suggested that MSTN mutation promoted muscle satellite cells proliferation through activation of TRPC4 channel. To further verify, ML204, a specific inhibitor of TRPC4, was used to treat MSTN^–/–muscle satellite cells. We found that cell proliferation was inhibited, calcineurin expression was downregulated, and the entry of NFATc3 into nuclei was reduced, which was similar to WT group. Thus, MSTN mutation leads to the activation of TRPC4 channel, which increases intracellular Ca²⁺ content, further activates calcineurin/NFATc3 pathway, and ultimately promotes the proliferation of muscle satellite cells.

Ketosis, a common metabolic disease during early lactation, is associated with high circulating levels of β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB). A portion of BHB that reaches the mammary gland is utilized as precursor for synthesis of fatty acids. Recent findings from nonruminant studies revealed that long chain fatty acyl-CoA ligase 4 (ACSL4) could play a role in the regulation of cellular fatty acid metabolism, but the mechanisms by which ACSL4 mediates cellular lipid metabolism in response to BHB remains unclear. To achieve the aims, we conducted invivoor invitroanalyses using bovine mammary gland biopsies and the immortalized mammary epithelial cell line (MAC-T). The invivostudy (n=6 cows per group) involved healthy cows (plasma BHB<0.60mmol L^–1) or ketotic cows (plasma BHB>2.0mmol L^–1) from which mammary gland tissue was biopsied. Invitro, MAC-T cells were challenged with 0, 0.3, 0.6, 1.2, or 2.4 mmol L^–1BHB for 24h to determine an optimal dose. Subsequently, MAC-T were incubated with 1.2mmol L^–1BHB for 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, or 48h. Furthermore, MAC-T cells were treated with small interfering ACSL4 (siACSL4) for 24 h or ACSL4 overexpression plasmid (pcACSL4) for 36h followed by a challenge with 1.2mmol L^–1BHB for 24h. Results showed that increased mRNA and protein abundance of lipogenic genes were linked to both mammary gland and invitrochallenge with BHB. BHB increased fatty acid content by activating ACSL4 expression, whereas inhibition of ACSL4 reduced BHB-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction, enhancement of mitochondrial membrane potential, increase in fatty acid content, and lipid droplet accumulation. Furthermore, we also elevated ACSL4 expression with an overexpression plasmid to clarify its molecular role in response to BHB challenge. ACSL4 overexpression enhances BHB-induced lipid droplet accumulation by increased fatty acid content. Overall, the information showed that ACSL4 is crucial for the process of producing fatty acids from exogenous BHB. Reduced ACSL4 decreased fatty acid content and lipid droplet accumulation, improved mitochondrial function, directed more fatty acids towards oxidation. Thus, ACSL4 plays an important role in determining the fate of intracellular fatty acids and BHB in BMECs.

The bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) gene family comprises a group of multifunctional cytokines that play important roles in limb development, bone formation, fat deposition, and reproductive traits of vertebrates. However, no systematic and comprehensive investigations of the various traits of the whole family members have been conducted, particularly in chickens. Here, we performed genome-wide screening and identified 14 BMPgenes, which were classified into the BMP2/4, BMP5/6/7/8A, growth differentiation factor (GDF) 2/BMP10, GDF5/6/7, and GDF11/BMP3/15 subfamilies. Genetic variation pattern analysis showed that BMPgenes were responsible for the artificial selection of commercial broilers and layers, with BMP2, BMP6, and GDF7likely contributing significantly to the formation of both specialized meat- and egg-type lines, whereas BMP7likely contributed more to the formation of meat-type lines. Genetic association analysis showed that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the BMP7intron region were associated with body weight, breast muscle weight, leg weight, abdominal fat weights and contents of total cholesterol (T-CHO), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in serum. Additionally, gain- and loss-of-function assays demonstrated that BMP7promoted the proliferation, myogenic differentiation, and lipid droplet accumulation in myoblasts; enhanced lipid synthesis in hepatocytes; promoted the proliferation and inhibited adipogenic differentiation of intramuscular preadipocytes; and induced the proliferation and adipogenic differentiation of abdominal preadipocytes. These results provide novel insights into the role of BMPgenes in chicken growth, reproductive regulation, and lipid deposition and could be used to develop genetic markers for breeding selection in chickens.

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of hexanoic acid (HA) supplementations (0, as the control, CON; 0.05%, HA1; 0.1%, HA2; 0.2%, HA3) on β-carotene, and ascertain the way and key factors of HA influencing β-carotene content of alfalfa (Medicago sativaL.) after ensiled in an oxygen-free and dark conditions for 10, 40, and 80 d (from May to August, 2021). This was achieved by examining the dynamic change of β-carotene, activities of β-carotene-related enzymes, and bacterial community succession of ensiled alfalfa, using operoncrtNMidentification,crtEgene quantitation, and single-molecule real-time sequencing technology. The results revealed that when compared with the fresh material, terminal alfalfa silage treated with different level of HA supplementations (0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2%; fresh weight basis) increased β-carotene content up to 2.86, 85.8, 159, and 133%, accordingly. Meanwhile, alfalfa silage treated with higher levels of HA (0.1 and 0.2%) showed superior effects compared to those treated with lower levels of supplementation (0 and 0.05%). HA supplementation specifically facilitated the increase abundance of Lactobacillus kullabergensisand the emergence of L.senioris.Multiple linear regression models inferred thatL.kullabergensis,L.apis, L.saniviri, L.senioris,peroxidase, phytoene desaturase, and lycopene β-cyclasepositively regulated β-carotene. Conversely,LactobacillusrenniniandL.brevisadjusted β-carotene, negatively. Positive regulations of the above bacterial species and enzymes had a stronger role in increasing β-carotene than L.renniniandL.brevis.In conclusion, the β-carotene increase of ensiled alfalfa may be regulated by HA supplementation viamultiple positive factors, including 4 specialLactobacillusspecies (L.kullabergensis, L.apis, L.saniviri, and L.senioris), and 3 vegetative β-carotene-related enzymes (peroxidase, phytoene desaturase, and lycopene β-cyclase).

Reducing aerobic spoilage and rumen greenhouse gas emissions from anaerobically fermented feeds remains critical challenges in energy saving and environmental protection of animal husbandry. This study investigated the effects of dandelions, both alone and combined with Lactobacillus plantarumand Lactobacillus buchneri(LAB) on fermentation quality, bacteriome and mycobiome after 180 d of anaerobic and 4 d of aerobic fermentation of whole-plant corn. In vitrodry matter digestion (IVDMD) and gas production from anaerobically fermented whole-plant corn were also assessed. The results demonstrated that dandelions, either alone or combined with LAB, effectively improved fermentation quality by reducing NH₃-N concentrations (22.72–25.99%) after anaerobic fermentation, decreasing the proliferation of yeast and molds to enhance the aerobic stability. Notably, the changes in the bacteriome were more pronounced than those in the mycobiome after aerobic exposure. The addition of dandelions or the combination reduced Acetobacter fabarumabundance, a member of the Acetobacterthat was spoilage-induced microbe indicated by correlation analysis. Besides, these treatments facilitated competition relations of microbiome which contributed to the enhanced aerobic stability. Furthermore, dandelions reduced CH₄and CO₂emissions by 14.88 and 13.73%, respectively, and also positively influencing IVDMD by 4.46%. Collectively, dandelion alone or combined with LAB are promising strategies to improve the aerobic stability of anaerobically fermented whole-plant corn, a process linked to the interactions between the bacteriome and mycobiome, and to contribute to clean production by reducing rumen CH₄and CO₂emissions.

Barren paddy fields characterized by poor soil structure, shallow tillage layers and low organic carbon content are a common limitation to rice production in subtropical China. As a novel approach to soil improvement, granulated organic amendments offer significant potential. Previous studies have shown that granulated straw can improve soil physicochemical properties and rapidly increase the soil organic carbon (SOC) content. However, their effects on barren paddies remain underexplored. This study evaluated four soil amendment strategies: no organic amendments (CK), 10 t ha^–1of composted manure (M10), 20 t ha^–1of granulated organic amendment (G20), and 40 t ha^–1of granulated organic amendment (G40). The objective was to assess the effects of these amendments on soil structure, the contents of aggregate-associated carbon (AAC), particulate organic carbon (POC) and mineral-associated organic carbon (MAOC), and the chemical stability of MAOC among various size aggregates in both topsoil (0–20 cm) and subsoil (20–40 cm). The results demonstrated that organic amendment inputs significantly increased the macroaggregate (>250 µm) proportion and improved soil structural stability. These amendments also elevated the carbon concentration within aggregates of various sizes and facilitated the redistribution of organic carbon from microaggregates (53–250 µm) and silt+clay fractions (<53 µm) to macroaggregates. The proportion of POC to AAC declined with decreasing aggregate size, whereas the proportion of MAOC increased. In the topsoil, macroaggregate formation enhanced the protection of POC, supported the accumulation of non-hydrolyzable carbon within MAOC, and accelerated the formation of intra-microaggregates. In the subsoil, mineral-bound organic carbon remained the dominant form of carbon sequestration. In conclusion, the application of 40 t ha^–1of granulated organic amendment proved to be a successful tactic for enhancing soil physicochemical structure, increasing SOC content, and improving carbon stability. This approach offers a promising and innovative solution for the sustainable management and restoration of barren paddy fields.

Legume-based intercropping enhances asymbiotic biological nitrogen fixation (BNF); however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear, including the roles of soil keystone diazotroph taxa with varying niche breadths. A field experiment was conducted to evaluate soil BNF variations between rhizosphere and bulk soils in peanut/cotton intercropping systems and monocultures. BNF activities were measured by nitrogen fixation rates, nitrogenase activity, and nifHgene abundance. Phylogenetic null models, co-occurrence networks, and niche breadth analysis were applied to investigate the roles of diazotrophic keystone taxa and their ecological niches. Rhizosphere soils exhibited 7.8–125.5% higher BNF potentials than bulk soils, whereas intercropping systems showed 11.6–323.0% increases over monocultures for nitrogen fixation rate, nitrogenase activity, and nifHgene abundance (all P<0.05). Diazotrophic community composition and diversity differed significantly, with Proteobacteria (excluding Alphaproteobacteria) enriched in intercropping and rhizosphere soils, while Cyanobacteria and Firmicutes were less abundant. Deterministic processes, particularly heterogeneous selection, dominated community assembly in the rhizosphere (91.9%) and intercropping soils (86.3%). The co-occurrence networks consistently revealed more complex and interconnected communities in intercropping and rhizosphere soils that were dominated by opportunistic diazotrophs (78.8–85.9%), followed by specialists (10.2–18.5%) and generalists (1.38–3.80%). Keystone taxa, including opportunists such as Azoarcus, Azohydromonas, and Steroidobacter, and generalists like Pseudomonasand Azotobacter, correlated positively with microbial biomass carbon and nitrate nitrogen, contributing to enhanced BNF. Peanut/cotton intercropping enhances BNF by selectively enriching the keystone diazotrophic taxa with varying ecological roles, particularly opportunists and generalists. Such targeted intercropping strategies can optimize BNF, improve soil fertility, and promote sustainable agricultural production.

The fine-scale characterization of vegetation surface information serves as a fundamental basis for studying the spatial distribution of resources and the dynamic patterns of environmental responses. Accurately extracting the distributions of different crop species is of critical importance for improving agricultural production efficiency and ensuring food security. Traditional fine-scale vegetation extraction methods often face significant challenges due to the presence of spectrally similar features and the substantial influence of background interference, which limit their applicability across large areas. As a key phenological stage of angiosperms, flowering is characterized by distinctive flowering times, floral morphology, and canopy spectral signatures, so it is an effective pathway for fine-scale vegetation extraction using remote sensing. Using rapeseed as an example, this study developed a spectral index model for precise flowering vegetation extraction (FI-R) based on Landsat OLI imagery. The model integrates a yellowness index (Blue, Green) and a peak index (Red, Nir and SWIR1) while leveraging the NDVI to mitigate background interference from spectrally similar objects. This approach successfully enables the rapid and accurate large-scale mapping of flowering vegetation under complex background conditions. The proposed method was tested in five rapeseed cultivation regions worldwide with diverse backgrounds. Validation datasets were generated using GF imagery and the U.S. CDL dataset. The FI-R model demonstrated superior capability in distinguishing flowering rapeseed from other vegetation, and achieved overall accuracies exceeding 94% in all study areas. Furthermore, FI-R is compatible with other multispectral sensors that have similar band configurations, so it is applicable to rapeseed extraction in broader contexts. The method also shows strong potential for the fine-scale extraction of other types of flowering angiosperm vegetation.

The irrigation districts of northern China face issues such as water scarcity, inability to effectively utilize flood resources, and groundwater overexploitation. In view of these challenges, this study proposes a new concept of deep storage irrigation through flood resources utilization. However, whether deep storage irrigation can recharge deep soil moisture and sustain crop production still requires further study. A two-year field experiment was conducted on summer maize in the Guanzhong Plain with five soil wetting layer depths (T1: 60 cm; T2: 90 cm; T3: 120 cm; T4: 150 cm; T5: 180 cm) and soil saturation moisture content as the irrigation upper limit. The results presented that the ranges of deep soil moisture recharge in the 100–200 cm soil profile (SMS_100–200) was 73.34–267.42 and 0–150.03 mm in 2021 (wet season) and 2022 (normal season). When the effective precipitation and irrigation exceeded 390 mm, the SMS_100–200began to linearly increase. The highest grain yield (GY) were observed at T2 and T3 treatments in 2021 (11.44 t ha⁻¹) and 2022 (11.25 t ha⁻¹), respectively. The maize GY of T4 in 2021 and T5 in 2022 were only 3.9 and 5.7% lower than the maximize GY, respectively. However, the SMS_100–200for T4 and T5 were 2.4 and 5.0 times that of T2 and T3 treatments in 2021 and 2022, respectively. Overall, the further increase in irrigation amounts induced only a slight decrease in grain yield, but it significantly increased deep soil moisture recharge. Therefore, the deep storage irrigation breaks through the traditional idea of water-saving irrigation with limited water resources, which can be utilized as an effective alternative to address the issues of water scarcity, low flood resources utilization, and groundwater level declines in the irrigation districts of northern China.

Microplastic accumulation after film mulching affects nutrients cycling in the soil–crop system. Bulk soil (BS) and rhizosphere soil (RS) have two different community compositions which lead to their different microbial nutrient acquisition abilities. Microplastics influence the rhizosphere effect. However, the mechanism by which microplastic accumulation affects the net photosynthetic rate (NPR) through rhizospheric microbial communities remains unknown. This study aimed to identify the mechanisms underlying the effects of polyethylene (PE) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) microplastics at 0, 1, and 5% (w/w) on the NPR in the wheat–soil ecosystem using a pot experiment. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was reduced by 15.35–36.7%, and that of peroxidase (POD) was increased by 32.47–61.93%, causing reductions in NPR (17.94–23.81%) in the PE5% and PVC (1 and 5%) (w/w) treatments compared with the control. The Chao1, Shannon, and Simpson indices of the bacterial and fungal diversities were lower in BS than in RS at PE1% and PVC5% (w/w), respectively. The bacterial and fungal network complexities were reduced and increased, respectively, owing to alterations in the bacterial and fungal community compositions and structures for wheat growth. The Mantel test showed that the bacterial and fungal diversity indices in BS had positive correlations with Olsen-P and phosphatase; however, those in RS were positively correlated with NO₃^–and β-1,4-glucosidase. The structural equation model indicated that wheat enzymatic and soil hydrolytic activities negatively affected NPR. Wheat has a profound antioxidant defense strategy for PE and PVC microplastic stress, which produces a synergistic effect of POD by protecting organelles and reducing tissue damage to preserve the NPR.

Organic management practices and spontaneous fermentations have become focal points in wine research due to increasing consumer interest in healthy foods and sustainable agriculture. In this study, ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ grapes sourced from organic and conventional management vineyard (OMV/CMV) in the Ningxia region were subjected to spontaneous fermentation. The microbial, oenological, and aroma profiles of grape must and resulting wines were assessed using high-throughput sequencing (HTS), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and sensory evaluations. Network analysis was applied to explore relationships among microorganisms, volatile compounds, and aroma attributes. Results showed that organic management significantly increased microbial species richness, α-diversity, and the variety and concentration of aroma compounds, favoring the production of natural wines with complex aroma profiles. Relative abundance of Saccharomycesin OMV reduced, promoting the prevalence of other yeast species during fermentation. Bacterial succession in wines from OMV remained stable, with Pantoeaas the dominant genus. Among oenological parameters, OMV wines significantly induced glycerol content, while reduced total acidity, tartaric acid, and citric acid content. These wines exhibited significantly higher levels of fermentative (+16%) and varietal (+72%) volatiles, as well as enhanced floral and sweet fruity aromas, along with distinct nail polish and vegetal notes. Additionally, Saccharomyces, Hanseniaspora, Metschnikowia, and Pantoeawere strongly correlated with specific volatile compounds and aroma characteristics. This study provides valuable data that can inform spontaneous fermentation practices and guide vineyard management for natural wine production.

China has limited acaricide options for tea plantations. Cyetpyrafen, a novel domestic acaricide with high efficacy, low toxicity and a negative temperature coefficient, offers an alternative for tea pest control; however, its residue fate in tea remains unclear. This study developed a method to simultaneously detect cyetpyrafen and its metabolites (M-309, M-325-1,and M-409-3) in different tea matrices to investigate their fate. Recoveries of compounds ranged from 73.4 to 106.2% with the relative standard deviations (RSDs) below 12.0%. During tea cultivation, the dissipation half-life of cyetpyrafen was 0.59d, with M-309 as a major metabolite. The residues of cyetpyrafen and M-309 were affected by different processing stages, especially water loss and high temperatures during fixing, drying and withering. The total processing factors ranged from 1.39 to 1.71 for green tea and 1.48 to 2.28 for black tea (processed from fresh tea leaves sampled at 1, 5, and 7d), respectively. The leaching rates of cyetpyrafen from green tea and black tea into tea infusions were 7.4 and 6%, respectively. The risk associated with cyetpyrafen intake from tea consumption was low, with risk quotient values below 100%. However, theoretical calculation indicated potential harm to non-target organisms from its metabolites. This research provides a reference for the safe and efficient use of cyetpyrafen in tea gardens.