Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea) areimportant sources of vegetable oil, protein, and forage. The genus Arachiscomprises nine intrageneric taxonomic sections encompassing 84 species. Most Arachisspecies are wild plants that serve widely as forage and turfgrass. Furthermore, wild Arachisspecies providevaluable gene resources for broadening the genetic diversity of cultivated peanuts. To date, several key genes have been identified through the use of recombinant inbred lines derived from interspecific crosses within Arachis. Despite this progress, the application of genetic engineering to enhance peanut traits remains limited. This limitation arises primarily from the absence of a robust and reliable genetic transformation protocol for Arachisspecies. Nevertheless, evidence indicates that successful genetic transformation of Arachisplants was first reportedapproximately 30 years ago. Thus, a notable discrepancy exists between early reports of transformationsuccess and the ongoing challenges in stably transferring candidate genes into Arachisgenotypes. This review summarizes existing methods forregeneration and genetic transformation in Arachis, aiming toadvanceunderstanding of transgenictechnologies applicable to this genus.

decision support system  /  non-point source N&P pollution  /  a ternary controlling strategy  /  dual-objective optimization  /  agricultural catchment