Article(id=1211269163717358139, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1211269157790806494, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.04.11, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1607616000000, receivedDateStr=2020-12-11, revisedDate=1615564800000, revisedDateStr=2021-03-13, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766718672923, onlineDateStr=2025-12-26, pubDate=1619539200000, pubDateStr=2021-04-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766718672923, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766718672923, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766718672923, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1211269157790806494, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, year='2021', volume='46', issue='4', pageStart='319', pageEnd='424', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1766718671510, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766718756000, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1211269512217882745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1211269157790806494, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1211269512217882746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, issueId=1211269157790806494, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=386, endPage=392, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1211269164073873992, articleId=1211269163717358139, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189873630562394117, language=EN, title=Research progress on the mechanism of skeletal muscle dysfunction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, columnId=1190243275882729994, journalTitle=Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a disease with high prevalence, high disability and high mortality, which endangers patients' health seriously. As a common extrapulmonary complication of COPD, skeletal muscle dysfunction leading to the decline of life quality, and increase of mortality, as well as the acute exacerbation of COPD. Howerer, the molecular mechanism of skeletal muscle dysfunction is unclear. This article reviews the potential molecular mechanisms of skeletal muscle dysfunction caused by COPD to provide certain reference value for clinical diagnosis and treatment.

, correspAuthors=Su-Yun Li, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail:
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慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)简称慢阻肺,是一种严重危害人类健康的慢性呼吸系统疾病,具有高患病率、高致残率和高病死率的特点。骨骼肌功能障碍是COPD常见的肺外并发症,可致临床急性加重,使患者生活质量下降、病死率升高,但目前COPD并发骨骼肌功能障碍的分子机制尚不明确。该文就近年来国内外对COPD并发骨骼肌功能障碍的分子机制研究进展进行综述,以期为潜在的治疗及研究方向提供参考。

, correspAuthors=李素云, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
李素云,E-mail:
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田园园,硕士研究生,主要从事中医药防治呼吸系统疾病方面的研究

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田园园,硕士研究生,主要从事中医药防治呼吸系统疾病方面的研究

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田园园,硕士研究生,主要从事中医药防治呼吸系统疾病方面的研究

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慢性阻塞性肺疾病并发骨骼肌功能障碍的分子机制研究进展
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田园园 1 , 范正媛 1 , 杨曙光 1 , 杨建雅 2 , 王明航 2 , 李素云 1, 2, *
解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2021,46(4): 386-392
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解放军医学杂志 | 综述 2021, 46(4): 386-392
慢性阻塞性肺疾病并发骨骼肌功能障碍的分子机制研究进展
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田园园1, 范正媛1, 杨曙光1, 杨建雅2, 王明航2, 李素云1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1河南中医药大学第一临床医学院,郑州 450046
  • 2河南中医药大学第一附属医院呼吸与危重症医学科,郑州 450003
  • 田园园,硕士研究生,主要从事中医药防治呼吸系统疾病方面的研究

通讯作者:

李素云,E-mail:
Research progress on the mechanism of skeletal muscle dysfunction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Yuan-Yuan Tian1, Zheng-Yuan Fan1, Shu-Guang Yang1, Jian-Ya Yang2, Ming-Hang Wang2, Su-Yun Li1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1The First Clinical Medical College of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
  • 2Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450003, China
出版时间: 2021-04-28 doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.04.11
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慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)简称慢阻肺,是一种严重危害人类健康的慢性呼吸系统疾病,具有高患病率、高致残率和高病死率的特点。骨骼肌功能障碍是COPD常见的肺外并发症,可致临床急性加重,使患者生活质量下降、病死率升高,但目前COPD并发骨骼肌功能障碍的分子机制尚不明确。该文就近年来国内外对COPD并发骨骼肌功能障碍的分子机制研究进展进行综述,以期为潜在的治疗及研究方向提供参考。

慢性阻塞性肺疾病  /  骨骼肌功能障碍  /  分子机制

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a disease with high prevalence, high disability and high mortality, which endangers patients' health seriously. As a common extrapulmonary complication of COPD, skeletal muscle dysfunction leading to the decline of life quality, and increase of mortality, as well as the acute exacerbation of COPD. Howerer, the molecular mechanism of skeletal muscle dysfunction is unclear. This article reviews the potential molecular mechanisms of skeletal muscle dysfunction caused by COPD to provide certain reference value for clinical diagnosis and treatment.

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease  /  skeletal muscle dysfunction  /  molecular mechanism
田园园, 范正媛, 杨曙光, 杨建雅, 王明航, 李素云. 慢性阻塞性肺疾病并发骨骼肌功能障碍的分子机制研究进展. 解放军医学杂志, 2021 , 46 (4) : 386 -392 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.04.11
Yuan-Yuan Tian, Zheng-Yuan Fan, Shu-Guang Yang, Jian-Ya Yang, Ming-Hang Wang, Su-Yun Li. Research progress on the mechanism of skeletal muscle dysfunction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2021 , 46 (4) : 386 -392 . DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.04.11
慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)简称慢阻肺,是以持续存在的呼吸系统症状和气流受限为特征的慢性气道疾病,临床表现为咳嗽、咳痰、呼吸困难等。2017年世界卫生统计报告显示,全球COPD患者共3.84亿,患病率约为11.7%,每年死亡约350万例[1]。我国40岁以上人群COPD患病率为13.7%[2],目前居我国疾病死亡原因的第3位[3],疾病负担的第2位[4]。骨骼肌功能障碍是COPD常见的并发症之一,常伴有肌肉萎缩和运动耐力下降[5],且呈恶性循环。多达1/3的患者存在不同形式的骨骼肌功能受损,表现为强度、耐力和力量减弱,易疲劳性增加[6]。骨骼肌功能障碍常出现在疾病早期,可加速疾病进展,严重影响患者的预后[7],是导致COPD急性加重和死亡的重要原因,也是导致患者死亡的独立危险因素。近年来,COPD并发骨骼肌功能障碍逐渐引起国内外学者的重视,有研究表明其发生的分子机制可能与炎症反应、氧化应激、缺氧和(或)高碳酸血症等有关。
吸烟、空气污染、职业环境等长期吸入有毒有害气体或颗粒,可使气管上皮细胞受损,特异性免疫系统被激活而产生大量炎性因子及蛋白酶,诱发肺组织、气管发生炎症反应。目前,越来越多的研究发现,COPD不仅局限于肺脏,而是涉及全身慢性低度炎症和蛋白代谢改变的全身性疾病[8]。据报道,COPD患者外周血中多种循环性炎性因子如肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、可溶性TNF-α受体、C反应蛋白(CRP)、白介素(IL)-1及IL-6水平均升高[9]。尽管并非所有COPD患者均存在全身性炎症,但相当一部分患者表现出与病死率增高相关的持续性全身性炎症[9]。有研究发现,全身性炎症、慢性肺部炎症及快速而短暂的肺部炎症均会影响全身循环和骨骼肌中的炎症信号传导,直接导致肌肉损失或肌肉功能障碍,对肌力、耐力以及肌纤维的横截面积、组成比例、数量等产生重要影响[7,10]
炎性介质与肌肉萎缩和恶病质有关[11],尤其是TNF-α在骨骼肌分解代谢中起主要作用。Byun等[12]发现,TNF-α是骨骼肌肌肉减少的重要影响因素,与肌肉质量呈负相关。TNF-α介导骨骼肌功能障碍的分子机制可能为:(1)直接刺激总肌肉蛋白,导致蛋白含量呈时间与浓度依赖性下降以及肌肉特异性蛋白[包括快速型肌球蛋白重链(MyHC)]损失[13-14]。(2)与TNF-α受体相互作用引发细胞凋亡。TNF的细胞作用由两种细胞表面受体[TNF受体1(TNFR1)和TNF受体2(TNFR2)]介导,TNF的细胞毒性作用大多通过TNFR1的死亡结构域与TNFR相关的死亡结构域蛋白(TRADD)相互作用介导;TRADD与Fas相关的死亡域蛋白(FADD)相互作用而激活caspase-8,从而启动细胞凋亡途径[15]。(3)激活NF-κB信号通路,引发细胞凋亡或骨骼肌降解。TNFR相关因子2(TRAF2)和受体相互作用蛋白(RIP)通过TRADD间接与TNFR1结合或直接与TNFR2结合而激活NF-κB途径,使NF-κB易位至细胞核并激活转录,调节细胞凋亡[15-16]。同时TNF-α可通过激活NF-κB信号通路增强骨骼肌细胞中多肽泛素的结合活性,激活泛素/26S-蛋白酶体系统(UPS),在该途径中,待降解的蛋白质被多肽泛素的至少4个部分标记,并在赖氨酸48残基处共价结合,这个过程被称为K48泛素结合,需要一系列特定酶如泛素激活酶E1、泛素结合酶E2及泛素蛋白连接酶E3的参与。K48泛素化蛋白被26S-蛋白酶体复合物识别并降解为短肽,这些短肽可进一步快速降解为胞质溶胶中的游离氨基酸;TNF-α使骨骼肌中泛素基因表达升高及K48泛素结合速度加快[7],从而降解肌肉蛋白。但部分研究未能重现上述结果[17],可能与研究人群在疾病严重程度和身体组成方面存在差异有关。因此,TNF-α介导骨骼肌功能障碍的分子机制仍有待进一步研究。
NF-κB是参与骨骼肌质量消耗的重要信号通路,炎症反应、氧化应激等均可激活NF-κB信号通路,进而激活蛋白酶水解系统,导致肌肉质量和功能损失[18]。在基础条件下,NF-κB以无活性状态存在于细胞质中并与其抑制蛋白IκBa结合,炎性因子(如TNF-α)与肌纤维表面的同源受体结合即可激活NF-κB,使细胞内发生信号级联反应,导致IκB被IκB激酶磷酸化,IκBa降解,NF-κB被释放并转运至细胞核中,从而调节各种炎症基因的转录,这是NF-κB激活的经典途径[18]。NF-κB激活后可作用于泛素蛋白连接酶E3,激活蛋白酶水解系统,导致特定肌肉蛋白降解,阻止成肌纤维再生,出现肌肉质量大量损失,最终导致骨骼肌功能障碍[19]。Mourkioti等[20]的遗传学研究发现,抑制NF-κB活性可促进骨骼肌再生。因此NF-κB可作为预防COPD骨骼肌损伤的重要分子靶标[19]
炎症反应和氧化应激可通过调控转录因子NF-κB或叉头转录因子(FoxO)的表达而调控蛋白水解系统,诱发蛋白降解,导致肌肉萎缩[21]。尽管多种蛋白水解系统参与了骨骼肌收缩蛋白的降解,但UPS是参与肌肉萎缩的主要限速蛋白水解系统[22]。泛素蛋白连接酶E3[Atrogin-1和RING指蛋白1(MuRF1)]是UPS依赖性蛋白降解的关键因素[23]。FoxO-1和FoxO-3通过上调Atrogin-1和MuRF1而调控UPS系统,最终导致肌肉蛋白降解[24]。在恶病质COPD患者的外周肌肉中发现FoxO-1、FoxO-3、泛素蛋白连接酶E3(肌肉Nedd4蛋白)以及Atrogin-1、MuRF1和总蛋白泛素化水平明显升高,提示泛素蛋白连接酶E3可能参与了对肌肉消耗的调控[21]。慢性炎症性疾病中蛋白质降解除可上调UPS系统外,还可激活溶酶体途径、Ca2+依赖性途径和半胱天冬酶途径等[7]
CRP是COPD研究中应用最广泛的炎症生物标志物。COPD患者循环中高CRP水平与股四头肌力量下降、最大和次最大运动能力降低,以及病死率增高有关[7]。CRP被认为是与人类骨骼肌无力和消瘦相关的重要急性期蛋白,虽然其介导骨骼肌功能障碍的分子机制尚未完全明确,但其水平升高可能通过刺激静息能量消耗的独立增加而损害肌肉功能[25]。故减少COPD急性加重次数及CRP的产生能够减轻骨骼肌耗损。
有研究发现,COPD合并骨骼肌功能障碍患者血清IL-6水平随病情加重而进行性升高[26]。骨骼肌本身能够诱导性地产生促炎细胞因子如TNF-α、IL-6等,选择性地作用于骨骼肌中的肌球蛋白并使其蛋白含量降低,这也是恶病质出现的标志[27]。反复的炎症反应及应激状态可激活交感-肾上腺素髓质系统和下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺皮质系统,使儿茶酚胺、糖皮质激素等升血糖激素分泌增多,出现胰岛素抵抗,导致营养不良,进而出现骨骼肌功能障碍[10]。目前炎症反应参与骨骼肌功能障碍的具体信号转导途径尚未完全阐明,但大量研究表明系统性炎症在骨骼肌功能障碍的发生发展中扮演着重要角色,应进一步加强相关研究。
COPD由于氧化-抗氧化失衡,氧化应激反应增强,导致骨骼肌消耗增加,肌纤维类型转换加快,同时降低了骨骼肌最大收缩力量,缩短了肌肉张力持续的时间[28],终末期常合并骨骼肌萎缩,影响运动耐量和生活质量[29]
活性氧自由基(reactive oxygen species,ROS)和活性氮自由基(reactive nitrogen species,RNS)主要由线粒体产生,前者是骨骼肌肌纤维适应运动或废用状态时参与的信号通路中的重要信使[30]。短时间(如数分钟)内骨骼肌ROS适度增多可激活信号传导途径,控制细胞对压力或损害的反应,保护细胞免受损害;相反,长时间(如数小时)内高水平的ROS可导致信号通路长期激活,从而促进蛋白水解和潜在的细胞死亡[31]
MAPK家族是ROS与骨骼肌适应性之间的重要联系之一,可通过磷酸化调节蛋白的激活或失活对多种细胞信号转导通路进行控制[32]。MAPK家族包括3个典型亚家族:c-Jun氨基末端激酶(JNK)、p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(p38MAPK)和细胞外信号调节激酶1/2(ERK1/2),三者被ROS激活后可通过上调UPS系统使骨骼肌降解增加,且p38MAPK和ERK1/2的激活对于UPS的上调似乎更加重要[33]
ROS与炎性因子可通过激活NF-κB转录因子[34]而上调MuRF1的表达,激活UPS途径,从而加快肌肉萎缩[7];还可通过激活FoxO转录因子升高泛素蛋白连接酶E3(Atrogin-1和MuRF1)的表达水平,激活UPS途径,促进肌丝蛋白降解[35],削弱肌肉力量,从而引发肌肉功能障碍[36]
氧化应激可通过激活一种或多种蛋白水解途径[如钙蛋白酶途径、半胱天冬酶3(caspase-3)途径或泛素-蛋白酶体途径]来促使肌肉萎缩[37]
钙蛋白酶是一类细胞蛋白酶,主要由于胞质内游离钙浓度增加而被激活,其激活是使肌肉发生萎缩的初始和必需步骤[38]。高水平的ROS可抑制肌浆Ca2+-ATPase(即SERCA)的活性并阻止钙重吸收进入肌浆网中[39],使胞内游离钙的浓度增加,导致钙蛋白酶激活,从而促进肌肉降解。
半胱天冬酶是一个半胱氨酸蛋白酶家族,目前认为多种形式的细胞死亡最终取决于半胱天冬酶的活化[15]。ROS水平升高可激活多种类型细胞(如骨骼肌)中的caspase-3[40]。Caspase-3激活后能够促进完整的肌动蛋白-肌球蛋白复合物降解,而抑制其活性可延缓由于肌核细胞凋亡导致的肌肉萎缩和肌核丧失[41]
ROS信号传导参与了UPS系统的调节。泛素结合酶E2和泛素蛋白连接酶E3可使泛素缀合到肌肉蛋白质上,E3和E2蛋白表达上调可促进泛素与肌肉蛋白结合,调节肌肉的分解代谢,而ROS可通过上调泛素结合系统,促进UPS系统上调,加速骨骼肌中的蛋白质分解代谢[42]
长期慢性缺氧的COPD患者骨骼肌有氧代谢能力下降[43],全身炎症反应及氧化应激增强,骨骼肌功能障碍加重[44]
COPD患者由于长期存在阻塞性通气功能障碍,易出现低氧血症。缺氧可能通过以下机制参与骨骼肌功能障碍:(1)慢性缺氧可通过激活ERK1/2及肌肉生长抑制素参与骨骼肌萎缩。ERK1/2及肌肉生长抑制素均是抑制骨骼肌合成的关键调节因子[45]。ERK1/2激活后,可通过调节激活蛋白1(AP-1)、c-Myc和抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2的转录活性[46],加速骨骼肌细胞凋亡、肌肉萎缩;肌肉生长抑制素可在活化素Ⅱb型受体诱导下快速激活ERK1/2,协同诱发肌萎缩和肌无力[47]。(2)缺氧诱导因子(HIF)表达增加。组成HIF-1的亚基HIF-1α(与O2调节相关)表达增加会限制肌肉再生[48]。HIF可上调糖酵解酶的表达增强糖酵解途径,下调氧化酶的表达使腺苷三磷酸产物减少、肌肉酸中毒等,从而导致骨骼肌有氧代谢能力下降,最终出现骨骼肌易疲劳和运动耐力下降;抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2家族成员可通过与Beclin1形成抑制复合体(Bcl-2/Beclin1)增加凋亡耐受力,抑制自噬[49],而HIF可激活促凋亡基因BNIP3和NIX(BNIP3L)的表达,抑制Bcl-2/Beclin1的功能,导致肌细胞凋亡、肌肉萎缩[50]。(3)上调DNA损伤反应调节基因-1(REDD-1)mRNA的表达。REDD-1能抑制调控细胞生长的哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR)信号通路,加快肌蛋白分解并抑制其合成[51]。(4)COPD患者长期慢性缺氧会通过激活TNF-α系统等增强全身炎症反应、诱导ROS形成,从而增强氧化应激、诱导肌抑制素高表达等,最终加重对骨骼肌功能的损害[7,44]。(5)低氧通过抑制低糖类肌醇3-激酶(PI3K)/Akt/mTOR途径来抑制肌源性分化[52]。(6)Bhlhe40(又称DEC1、STRA13、SHARP2和Bhlhe2)属于基本螺旋-环-螺旋家族,作为转录阻遏物,参与细胞增殖、凋亡、脂肪形成等,其过表达可抑制肌源性分化;作为一种低氧调节因子,低氧通过独立于HIF-1α的p53信号通路导致其过表达,从而降低MyoD的转录活性而抑制肌源性分化[53]
肺气肿及阻塞性肺病的加重可引起高碳酸血症。在慢性高碳酸血症小鼠中观察到,单个比目鱼肌和趾长伸肌(EDL)肌肉的重量以及握力测试评分中的力量产生能力均有所降低;将体外培养的肌管暴露于高碳酸血症环境中2 d,肌管横向最大直径随时间延长而减小,提示高碳酸血症对骨骼肌的影响可能集中在肌肉的大小而不是细胞代谢方面[54]。故临床应早期纠正COPD患者的缺氧及CO2潴留,以避免骨骼肌损害及呼吸衰竭的发生。
营养不良可直接导致肌肉体积缩小、肌肉消耗增加,从而出现肌无力[55]。COPD由于长期存在炎症反应、氧化应激、过度通气等导致机体出现高分解代谢状态,缺氧、膈肌下移等导致胃肠道淤血,抗生素、茶碱等药物使用引发的胃肠菌群失调,以及酸中毒、电解质紊乱等因素影响营养物质的消化吸收[56],使机体逐渐出现负氮平衡,大量消耗脂肪及蛋白质,表现为体重下降和肌肉萎缩。这可以解释临床慢性呼吸系统疾病患者多表现为消瘦体形这一现象,且消瘦越明显肌力越弱。故COPD患者平时应注重优质蛋白等营养的摄入,以保证骨骼肌肌纤维来源,减少损耗。
COPD引起肌肉功能障碍的另一种解释可能与运动量减少有关。COPD患者常因呼吸困难导致运动受限,长期久坐久卧会出现肌肉废用性萎缩,以及各种原因导致的骨骼肌耗损而出现多种适应性变化,通常称为“肌肉骨骼退化”,主要包括Ⅰ型纤维比例和氧化酶能力降低、骨骼肌纤维萎缩、肌毛细血管数量减少,以及肌肉的耐力和力量降低[57]。骨骼肌退化的严重程度很大程度上取决于肌肉之前的形态学和生化特性,以及目前废用的原因和持续时间。但骨骼肌具有显著的可塑性,在充分的体育锻炼后,废用引起的肌肉变化通常是可逆的[58]
COPD患者常存在骨骼肌肌肉纤维成分由Ⅰ型(氧化性,慢肌纤维,耐疲劳)转变为Ⅱ型(糖酵解性,快肌纤维,不耐疲劳)[59],这种肌纤维类型的变化可导致运动能力下降,且Ⅱ型纤维通常更容易萎缩,加速肌肉消耗[60]
近年来,有研究提出了骨骼肌“肌核结构域”的概念[7]。由于骨骼肌的多核性质,肌纤维的细胞质由多个核共享,每个核被认为可调节特定体积肌质(肌核结构域)蛋白质的表达。肌核结构域的大小相对恒定,通过肌核增生或凋亡可实现肌纤维的生长和萎缩[61]。慢性炎症相关疾病患者常出现肌核增生与凋亡的不平衡,从而导致肌肉萎缩。COPD患者无论体重是否减轻,均存在肌核凋亡[62]
IGF-1/Akt信号级联反应是肌肉合成代谢和肥大的重要途径[23]。IGF-1与其受体结合可启动信号转导级联反应,从而促进mRNA翻译,增加蛋白质的合成[7]。研究发现,COPD恶病质患者肌肉IGF-1水平以及慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期(AECOPD)患者肌肉和血清IGF-1水平均降低[21],与肌肉质量变化(降低)一致[63],其分子机制可能为骨骼肌细胞与炎性细胞因子(TNF-α和IL-1β)共同诱导骨骼肌抵抗IGF-1,使受体附近的信号转导受损,从而导致蛋白质合成减少[7],但具体分子机制尚待阐明。另有研究发现,COPD患者IGF-1 mRNA表达增加,但Akt磷酸化水平并未改变,提示IGF-1/Akt信号转导轴受损[60]
肌肉萎缩的COPD患者循环及下肢肌肉中肌肉生长抑制素水平升高,且与股四头肌质量、力量和耐力呈负相关[60,64]。肌肉生长抑制素可能通过抑制肌肉转录调节因子(MyoD)来抑制成肌细胞增殖,从而抑制肌肉合成;还可通过抑制IGF/Akt途径来抑制合成代谢信号,从而诱导肌肉萎缩[21]
AL途径是一种蛋白水解途径[65],通过消除蛋白质聚集体和受损的细胞器而促使肌肉维持稳态[66]。在COPD患者的骨骼肌中,自噬增强并参与肌肉重塑,导致肌肉萎缩[67]
骨骼肌功能障碍是COPD相关的肺外并发症之一,起病隐匿,可对患者的预后造成显著影响,但既往研究未能给予足够的重视。近年来越来越多的研究表明COPD是一种全身性疾病,骨骼肌功能障碍应被视为系统性疾病的一种表现。
COPD患者骨骼肌消瘦主要包括两个方面:一是蛋白质水平,蛋白质合成与降解失衡可促进肌肉分解代谢;二是细胞水平,肌纤维中核凋亡与再生失衡可能导致骨骼肌质量的丧失。炎症反应和氧化应激主要通过激活转录因子NF-κB和FoxO来激活泛素蛋白连接酶E3(Atrogin-1和MuRF1)而上调UPS系统,导致骨骼肌降解,还可通过激活其他蛋白水解酶如钙蛋白酶及caspase-3来促使肌肉萎缩。氧化应激也可通过激活MAPK来上调UPS系统,参与骨骼肌降解。慢性缺氧主要通过增加HIF的表达,激活ERK1/2及肌肉生长抑制素,以及抑制mTOR信号通路等导致肌细胞凋亡、肌肉萎缩;同时通过增强全身炎症反应及氧化应激等加重对骨骼肌功能的损害。此外,各种病理因素导致肌肉生长抑制素水平升高、自噬溶酶体途径被激活及IGF-1/Akt信号途径抑制,从而介导细胞凋亡及骨骼肌蛋白水解。同时营养不良、废用及肌纤维类型转换等均参与了骨骼肌功能障碍的发生。尽管具体分子机制仍未阐明,但多项研究提示无论COPD患者肺部病变程度如何,均可通过干预上述分子机制改善骨骼肌功能障碍,达到缓解临床症状以及提高运动耐力和生活质量的效果。
目前COPD并发骨骼肌功能障碍治疗方面的探索主要包括以下几个方面:(1)作为慢性呼吸系统疾病的一种干预手段,肺康复尤其是上下肢锻炼治疗受到了重视。有研究发现,运动训练可通过刺激骨骼肌机械敏感的信号通路而促进COPD骨骼肌肌原蛋白肥大,致使肌源性细胞与肌纤维融合[68]。全球慢性阻塞性肺疾病防治策略(2020版)指出,在药物治疗的基础上配合肺康复,可能对改善骨骼肌功能及缓解COPD患者的临床症状有利。(2)目前药物治疗骨骼肌功能障碍仍处于基础探索阶段。有研究发现,抗氧化剂抗坏血酸、3-甲基腺嘌呤(3-MA)自噬抑制剂可通过减轻氧化应激而治疗骨骼肌功能障碍[69];有关合成代谢的药物如生长激素促分泌剂、促进肌肉收缩的钙敏化剂及磷酸二酯酶4(PDE-4)抑制剂等可抑制COPD恶病质患者的肌肉蛋白水解[70-71]。但药物治疗骨骼肌功能障碍的相关研究较少,证据不足,疗效未被确证,后期仍需要进行多中心大样本的临床研究深入探讨。
目前研究存在以下不足:(1)炎症反应、氧化应激、缺氧及蛋白水解系统等在骨骼肌功能障碍中起着重要作用,但具体分子机制尚未完全阐明,且每一种理论都不足以完全解释骨骼肌功能障碍发生的分子机制;目前研究多为动物实验研究,缺乏临床研究。(2)大部分研究限定于动物实验静态研究,缺乏动态观察。针对疾病不同阶段的骨骼肌功能障碍进行纵向动态追踪研究,探索疾病不同阶段与骨骼肌功能障碍严重程度的相关性,可为早期骨骼肌功能障碍的发现提供前瞻性依据。(3)骨骼肌功能障碍测评方式尚未统一,目前主要从超声、有创活检及运动耐力表现推测,缺乏科学依据,其客观无创、易于操作的测评方法尚未确定,对严重程度的划分标准缺乏指导意义。
综上所述,COPD合并骨骼肌功能障碍的现象普遍存在,严重影响患者的运动耐力及生活质量,与不良预后密切相关,但目前缺少有效的干预手段。COPD并发骨骼肌功能障碍是一个由多种病理因素诱发、多种分子机制通路参与的复杂过程,炎症、氧化应激、缺氧及高碳酸血症等诱发蛋白分解,加速细胞凋亡,任何一种单因素均不能完全解释其发生,未来仍需进一步探索COPD并发骨骼肌功能障碍的分子机制,寻求有效的防治方法,以提高患者运动耐力,提高生活质量并改善长期预后。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2018YFC1704801)
  • 中原千人计划(202101510002)
  • 河南省中医药科学研究专项课题(2018JDZX102)
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2021年第46卷第4期
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doi: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2021.04.11
  • 接收时间:2020-12-11
  • 首发时间:2025-12-26
  • 出版时间:2021-04-28
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  • 收稿日期:2020-12-11
  • 修回日期:2021-03-13
基金
National Key Research and Development Program(2018YFC1704801)
国家重点研发计划(2018YFC1704801)
Central Plains Thousand Talents Program(202101510002)
中原千人计划(202101510002)
Special Project of Traditional Chinese Medicine Scientific Research of Henan Province(2018JDZX102)
河南省中医药科学研究专项课题(2018JDZX102)
作者信息
    1河南中医药大学第一临床医学院,郑州 450046
    2河南中医药大学第一附属医院呼吸与危重症医学科,郑州 450003

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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